Developing Standard BIM Execution Plans for Complex Construction Projects

1. Introduction

2. Methodology

2.3. Scientometric Analysis

This study performs a comprehensive Scientometric analysis by utilizing the Web of Science and Scopus databases to investigate the development of scientific subjects and patterns within the field of Building Information Modeling (BIM) Execution Plans (BEP) from 2020 to 2023. This era is distinguished by significant progress in Business Process Engineering (BEP). The analysis employs citation and keyword analysis to chart the academic terrain, pinpointing prominent authors, institutions, and influential works that have influenced BIM standards and practices. The knowledge acquired from this analysis is crucial in guiding future strategies and initiatives to establish standardized BIM Execution Plans. The literature review of the study presents a comprehensive summary of the existing research and application of BEP content and structure in BIM projects. It emphasizes a significant lack of specialized literature on the factors that influence the progress of BEPs. The absence of standardized protocols for the development of BEPs is recognized as a notable hindrance, leading to inconsistent and inefficient project implementation.

2.3.1. Analysis of the Simultaneous Presence of the Most Important Keywords

Keyword co-occurrence analysis is a powerful method for visually representing the evolution and modifications of scientific topics over time. Figure 2 visually displays the author keywords that are frequently used in BIM Execution Plan studies, as recorded by the Web of Science between 2020 and 2023. The chosen time frame corresponds to the period with the greatest number of publications on BEP, amounting to a total of 36 documents. The visualization depicts the frequency of occurrence of these keywords, providing insights into the dominant areas of research.

Figure 2 displays a vibrant network diagram created by VOS viewer, a tool used for constructing and visualizing bibliometric networks. The purpose of this analysis is to visually represent the occurrence and relationship between keywords in a specific dataset related to BIM research. The term "BIM" is prominently positioned, signifying its central importance to the research, while other significant terms such as "framework," "construction," and "design" are grouped around it.

Figure 3, obtained using the VOS viewer tool, visually displays the main themes found in BIM Execution Plan research from 2020 to 2023, as recorded in the Scopus database. The complex network of keywords demonstrates the ever-changing nature of this discipline, emphasizing the close connection between terms such as 'architectural design,' 'construction industry,' and 'building information modelling,' which frequently co-occur. The diagram, characterized by diverse color clusters, illustrates the extensive and interdisciplinary nature of BIM research. It is based on the examination of 68 documents, which highlight the specific areas of interest and scholarly focus within the academic community.

The list of the identified documents present in Table 1, totaling thirty-six (36), that have been identified, compared, and analyzed. The findings highlight the crucial elements necessary for the development of BEPs. A thorough elucidation allows all parties involved to understand the project's objectives, process, allocated responsibilities, data prerequisites, and specifications for the final output. Hence, the Business Execution Plan (BEP) framework can function as a roadmap for the progress and improvement of BEP. The study's findings offer a comprehensive range of parameters for researchers and practitioners to develop tools that improve the effectiveness of implementing BIM projects.

Through the examination of thirty-six (36) BEPs, it was revealed that nearly all of them exhibit a common theoretical framework.

The presentation of the content and the titles of the chapters exhibited dissimilarities. The Building Execution Plan (BEP) provides a detailed outline of project information, project goals, BIM objectives, BIM uses roles and responsibilities, BIM process design, BIM information exchange, collaboration procedures, model structure, quality control, technology infrastructure needs, and project deliverables.

Table 2 displays the frequency of sub-elements in the reviewed documents that have a percentage higher than 50%. The factor is determined by the equation provided:

$$Factor=\frac{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r} \mathrm{o}\mathrm{f} \mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t} \mathrm{o}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}}{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l} \mathrm{n}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r} \mathrm{o}\mathrm{f} \mathrm{D}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{s}\left(36\right)}$$

(1)

Figure 4 displays the frequency of occurrence of the sub-element's topics in the reviewed documents. This is done to identify the topics with the highest percentage, which will be chosen as the main elements for the proposed BIM execution plan framework. Figure 8 displays the elements in the document comparison that have the highest percentage.

The table is a structured compilation of key topics frequently addressed in the literature pertaining to BIM Execution Plan (BEP) standardization. It categorizes 40 distinct aspects ranging from foundational elements like "BIM Project Execution Plan overview" to more specialized topics such as "federated model color scheme." This tabulation serves as a reference point for the distribution of focus areas within the body of BEP literature, highlighting the multifaceted nature of BIM implementation and management in construction projects. Figure 4 illustrates a bar chart detailing the frequency of occurrence for various sub-elements within the topics covered in the reviewed BIM Execution Plan documents. The chart presents a descending order of frequency, starting with the most commonly occurring sub-elements on the left. The percentages above each bar indicate the proportion of documents that mention each sub-element, providing a clear visual representation of which aspects within the BIM Execution Plans are given the most emphasis in the literature. [23].

2.3.2. Pareto Analysis

Pareto Analysis, a statistical technique in decision-making, is based on the Pareto Principle, which posits that for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes. This method is integral to identifying the most significant factors in a set of data, which in the context of BIM Execution Plans, helps prioritize the standardization efforts. By focusing on the few critical elements that cause the most significant impact, researchers and practitioners can streamline processes, optimize resource allocation, and drive substantial improvements in project outcomes

Table 3. Pareto Analysis of BEP Sub-Elements by Frequency and Impact.

Table 3. Pareto Analysis of BEP Sub-Elements by Frequency and Impact.

	Sub-elements	Number of Sub-elements	percentage	percent 80%
1	BIM Use	29	7%	80%
2	BIM Model and Level of Development	26	14%	80%
3	Project information	25	20%	80%
4	Model Coordination Procedures	25	26%	80%
5	Project Goals and Objectives	23	32%	80%
6	Collaboration procedures	20	37%	80%
7	Roles and Responsibility	20	42%	80%
8	Common Data Environment	20	47%	80%
9	BIM Project Execution Plan Overview	20	51%	80%
10	Master information delivery plan	20	56%	80%
11	Model structure	19	61%	80%
12	Software requirements	19	66%	80%
13	Project deliverables	19	71%	80%
14	Project Phases / Milestones	19	75%	80%
15	File Naming Conventions	18	80%	80%
16	Measurement and coordinate systems	18	84%	80%
17	Key project contacts	16	88%	80%
18	Quality Management	16	92%	80%
19	Methods & Procedure	16	96%	80%
20	Hardware	16	100%	80%
	Total	404

The Pareto analysis, displaying the number and relative importance of sub-elements within BIM Execution Plans. The blue bars indicate the number of occurrences of each sub-element in the reviewed documents, while the orange line charts the cumulative percentage, highlighting that a small number of sub-elements account for a large percentage of the focus in BIM documentation. This analysis is a strategic tool for identifying key areas for standardization and improvement. in the Pareto analysis figure, the sub-elements that surpass the 80% (BIM Use, BIM Model and Level of Development, Project information, Model Coordination and Project Goals and objective) threshold are of particular significance as they comprise the core content within the BIM Execution Plans. These critical elements are the primary contributors to the substance of the documentation, representing the majority of what is deemed essential in the literature. Identifying these allows for focused improvements in areas that will yield the most substantial impact on the standardization of BIM Execution Plans.

The proposed framework, which requires validation through a literature review, is as follows based on the results and analysis of the provided data.

Table 4. The proposed framework.

Table 4. The proposed framework.

Document Release History
Definition	Abbreviation
	Other Definitions
BIM Project Execution Plan Overview	Executive Summary
	Vision Statement
	References
Project information	Project Description
	Project Stakeholders
	Project Scope of Work in details
	Project Masterplan
	Buildings Key plan
	Key Project Contacts
	Key Project BIM Management
Management	Project phases/ Milestones
	Key Roles and Responsibilities
	Project Deliverables
	Project Information Model Delivery Strategy
	Task information delivery plan (TIDP)
	Master information delivery plan (MIDP)
Project Goals / BIM Uses	Major BIM Uses
	BIM Workflow
	Level of Development (LOD)
	Level of Development Matrix
Technical Requirements	Exchange Formats
	Software Needs / Scope
	Hardware Needs
	Data Security
	IT Upgrades
	Training
Quality Assurance / Quality Control (QA/QC) Plan.	Quality Assurance / Quality Control
	Design content Check
	Visual / Coordination Check
	Standards Check
	Interference Check
	Clash Criteria
	Model Size
	Model Warnings
	Information exchange
	Coordination Process
	Clash Matrix

3. Results

3.1. Descriptive Statistics

This descriptive statistical summary presents survey data on Building Information Modeling (BIM) Execution Plans (BEPs) in Egyptian mega-construction projects (as an example of those in the MENA region). Respondents strongly agree that all sections of the proposed BEP Framework are essential for project success, with mean scores ranging from 4.45 to 4.68 on a 5-point scale. The "Management Section" and "Project Goals/BIM Uses Section" are the most important, scoring 4.67 each. A mean score of 4.68 indicates high agreement on the importance of standardizing BIM Execution Plans for mega construction projects in Egypt. BEP familiarity averages 3.92 among respondents. BIM Execution Plans are integrated into the project lifecycle at various stages, with a lower mean score of 1.64, suggesting earlier integration may be rare. Due to a low mean of 1.30, respondents' BIM experience with mega construction projects varies.

Demographically, the survey shows various construction industry experience, company sizes, and sectors. The mean current occupation and mega construction experience scores of 4.60 and 3.16 indicate a diverse group of professionals. This diversity is reflected in the average 3.07 years of construction experience. The proposed BEP workflow for BIM mega projects received a satisfactory mean score of 4.14, indicating a consensus on the BEP's importance. However, alignment with current BIM standards and workflow in Egypt has a lower mean score of 3.71, suggesting room for improvement or standardization and implementation gaps. These findings highlight the importance of BEPs in project execution and the need for standardization, early integration, and addressing Egypt's unique BIM mega project challenges.

Table 5. Descriptive statistics.

Table 5. Descriptive statistics.

Survey questions	N	Mean	SD	Variance
How important do you think the Definition Section in the Proposed BEP Framework is?	87	4.45	.818	.669
How important do you think the BIM Project Execution Plan Overview Section in the Proposed BEP Framework is?	87	4.51	.713	.509
How important do you think the Project Information Section in the Proposed BEP Framework is?	87	4.55	.695	.483
How important do you think the Management Section in the Proposed BEP Framework is?	87	4.67	.604	.364
How important do you think the Project Goals/BIM Uses Section in the Proposed BEP Framework is?	87	4.67	.604	.364
How important do you think the Technical Requirements Section in the Proposed BEP Framework is?	87	4.63	.649	.421
How important do you think the Quality assurance/Quality Control Plan Section in the Proposed BEP Framework is?	87	4.64	.647	.418
At what stages of the project lifecycle do you integrate BIM Execution Plans?	87	1.64	1.023	1.046
Have you ever worked on a mega construction project in Egypt that used BIM?	87	1.30	.460	.212
How familiar are you with BIM Execution Plans (BEPs)?	87	3.92	.930	.866
How important do you think standardization of BIM Execution Plans is for mega construction projects?	87	4.68	.707	.500
How often do you refer to a BIM Execution Plan during the construction process?	87	3.89	1.028	1.056
How satisfied are you with the proposed BIM Execution Plan workflow for implementation in BIM mega projects?	87	4.14	1.091	1.190
How well does the proposed BIM Execution Plan align with the current BIM standards and Workflow?	87	3.71	1.247	1.556
In which sector does you describe your company?	87	2.11	.599	.359
In which sector does your company seek construction work?	87	2.61	.653	.427
In your experience, does the outlined workflow address the unique challenges of BIM mega projects?	87	4.13	1.065	1.135
What is the category of your current organization?	87	3.40	2.037	4.150
What is the level of your current occupation?	87	4.60	2.099	4.406
What is your highest level of education?	87	1.49	.663	.439
What type of mega construction do you have experience in?	87	3.16	2.332	5.439
Which of the following best describes your role in the construction industry?	87	2.24	1.303	1.697
Years of experience in the construction sector?	87	3.07	1.159	1.344
Your Company Size	87	4.01	1.688	2.849
Valid N (list-wise)	87

Table 6. RII – Relative importance index analysis.

Table 6. RII – Relative importance index analysis.

Proposed Framework for BIM Executive Plans (BEPs)	RII
How important do you think the Definition Section in the Proposed BEP Framework is?	68
How important do you think the BIM Project Execution Plan Overview Section in the Proposed BEP Framework is?	69.2
How important do you think the Project Information Section in the Proposed BEP Framework is?	93.2
How important do you think the Management Section in the Proposed BEP Framework is?	94
How important do you think the Project Goals/BIM Uses Section in the Proposed BEP Framework is?	89.2
How important do you think the Technical Requirements Section in the Proposed BEP Framework is?	87.6
How important do you think the Quality assurance/Quality Control Plan Section in the Proposed BEP Framework is?	85.2

Table 7. Responses ratings based on respondents.

Table 7. Responses ratings based on respondents.

Categories	Frequency	Percent
Role in the construction industry
Architect	31	35.6
Civil Engineer	30	34.5
Electrical Engineer	8	9.2
Mechanical Engineer	10	11.5
Other	8	9.2
Years of experience in the construction industry
0-5 Years	10	11.5
5-10 Years	15	17.2
10-15 Years	31	35.6
15-20 Years	21	24.1
>20 Years	10	11.5
Category of the organization
General engineering consultants	26	29.9
Project management consultants	3	3.4
General contractor	24	27.6
Specialized contractor	4	4.6
Owner	9	10.3
BIM Services	16	18.4
Other	5	5.7
Education
Bachelor's degree	52	59.8
Master's degree	27	31.0
PhD	8	9.2
In which sector does your company operate?
Public	11	12.6
Private	55	63.2
Both	21	24.1
In which sector does your company seek construction work?
Public	7	8.0
Private	21	24.1
Both	58	66.7
Company size
1-10	3	3.4
10-50	21	24.1
50-100	15	17.2
100-250	7	8.0
250-1000	15	17.2
>1000	26	29.9
Level of occupation
Junior level	4	4.6
Senior level	22	25.3
Project Engineer	1	1.1
Projects Manager	13	14.9
BIM Coordinator	9	10.3
BIM Manager	16	18.4
Top management	20	23.0
Other	2	2.3
Mega construction experience
Residential	34	39.1
Commercial	10	11.5
Infrastructure	10	11.5
Mixed-use	11	12.6
Complex	2	2.3
Hospital	6	6.9
Educational Building	11	12.6
Other	3	3.4
Familiarity with BIM Execution Plans (BEPs)
Not familiar at all	1	1.1
Somewhat familiar	6	6.9
Moderately familiar	17	19.5
Very familiar	38	43.7
Extremely familiar	25	28.7
At what stages of the project lifecycle do you integrate BIM Execution Plans?
Design Stage	59	67.8
Tender Stage	6	6.9
Construction Stage	17	19.5
Operation Stage	4	4.6
Have you ever worked on a mega construction project that used BIM?
Yes	61	70.1
No	26	29.9
How often do you refer to a BIM Execution Plan during the construction process?
Never	3	3.4
Rarely	6	6.9
Occasionally	15	17.2
Frequently	37	42.5
Always	26	29.9
How important do you think standardization of BIM Execution Plans is for mega construction projects?
Somewhat important	2	2.3
Moderately important	6	6.9
Very important	10	11.5
Extremely important	69	79.3
In your experience, does the outlined workflow address the unique challenges of BIM mega projects?
No, not at all	2	2.3
Not Sure	4	4.6
Partially	20	23.0
Often	16	18.4
Completely	45	51.7

3.3. Reliability

A popular statistical measure of scale or test item internal consistency or reliability is Cronbach's alpha. In the proposed Building Information Modeling (BIM) Execution Plan Specification (BEPS) framework, Cronbach's alpha of .935 and .941, with 7 items, indicate excellent internal consistency.

Table 9. Cronbach alpha.

Table 9. Cronbach alpha.

Cronbach's Alpha	Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items	Number of Items
.935	.941	7

4. Discussion

5. Conclusions

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