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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
15 December 2023
Posted:
18 December 2023
You are already at the latest version
Dose/route | Effects | Reference |
Garlic paste (3.8%), solvent fractions, or garlic oil equal to this quantity in feed | No effect on FI |
[24] |
Garlic 0, 0.01, 0.1 or 1% in meal | No improvement in the performance | [25] |
Garlic powder 0.2% and 0.4% of feed | No effects on BWG, FI, FCR, carcass cuts, and visceral organs | [26] |
Garlic at 1 kg/ton feed | Enhanced carcass yield | [27] |
Garlic 1, 3, and 5% and 3% garlic powder + 200 IU of α-tocopherol/kg of feed | No influence on performance Increased crude protein Decreased crude fat contents of carcass, the pH, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of meat |
[28] |
Garlic 0.5%, 1.0%, and 3% | Decreased heart weight | [29] |
Garlic powder 0.5% of feed | Increased live BWG | [30] |
Garlic powder 3% and 5% of diet | Increased breast weight (3%) Low BW (5%) |
[31] |
A mixture of ginger and garlic (1:1 ratio) 50ml/liter of the drinking water | Improved BW, BWG, FI, and FCR | [32] |
Garlic bulb 5, 10, or 15 g/kg meal | Decreased BW (high dose and standard temperature) No effect on the FCR |
[33] |
The 5 g/kg garlic powder+1 g/kg black pepper powder and 10 g/kg garlic powder+2 g/kg black pepper powder | Improved WG and FCR | [34] |
Fresh garlic paste 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8%/ liter of drinking water | No effect on BWG or FCR Decreased mortality |
[35] |
Garlic powder 3% in diet and a mixture of garlic powder 1.5% plus turmeric powder 0.25% | mproved BWG, FI, FCR, performance index, and protein efficiency ratio | [36] |
Garlic paste 0.25 % and 0.50% with basal diet | Improved BWG, FCR, and livability No influence on carcass attributes |
[37] |
Garlic 5g/kg feed, black cumin 5g /kg, or their combination | No difference in BWG, FI, FCR, and relative organ weights | [38] |
A basal diet plus 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 g garlic powder/kg diet | Increased BW and BWG at 21 and 42 days of age High length and average width of small intestine |
[12] |
Garlic essential oil (200 mg/kg diet) alone/or combination with lemon essential oil (200 mg/kg diet) under heat stress | Enhancement in BW, FCR, carcass dressing, and increasing the digestive enzymes Decreasing mortality rate and abdominal fat content |
[23] |
Garlic powder 3% of feed | Improved BWG and final BW | [39] |
Dose/route | Effects | Reference |
1 or 3% garlic meal | Decreased egg yolk cholesterol | [40] |
Garlic paste (3.8%), solvent fractions, or garlic oil equal to this quantity in feed | No effect on daily FI | [24] |
Garlic oil 0.02% in meal | No effect on egg production, egg mass, body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency | [41] |
Garlic powder 3% in diet | No differences in color and flavor of eggs No change in yolk cholesterol concentrations |
[42] |
Sun-dried garlic paste 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% of diet | No effect on egg weight, egg mass, feed consumption, and feed efficiency among diets or birds’ strain Increased Yolk weight with increasing levels of dietary garlic Decreased yolk cholesterol concentrations |
[43] |
Garlic powder 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/kg feed | Decreased yolk weight | [44] |
Garlic powder 0.5 and 10 g/kg feed | Increased egg weight Decreased egg yolk cholesterol triglyceride No effect on performance or egg albumin index, eggshell index, and egg Haugh unit |
[45] |
Garlic powder 0, 2, 6, or 8% in feed | Increased egg production | [46] |
Garlic 2% and fenugreek 2% | No effect on FI, FCR, BW, BWG, egg rate, egg weight, and egg mass Increased yolk weight and color and Haugh units Decreased albumen weight |
[47] |
Garlic powder 8% in feed | Better egg production No effect on egg mass and egg weight |
[48] |
Garlic powder 1, 2, and 4% in feed | Increased egg production No effect on egg weight, yolk index, shell weight, shell thickness, yolk weight (1% garlic) Decreased eggshell index and Haugh unit (4% garlic) |
[49] |
Garlic juice at 0.25, 0.50, and 1% | Improved egg albumin, yolk and shell weight, albumin height, and Haugh unit | [50] |
Garlic powder 1%, fenugreek 1%, and garlic powder 1% + fenugreek 0.5% | No effect on laying hens’ performance | [51] |
Garlic 1, 2, and 3% of ration | No effect on BWG, FCR, egg production, egg mass, albumen weight, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk index, yolk height, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, embryonic mortality, chick weight and chick visual score, shell thickness, and shell weight An improvement in yolk diameter, yolk weight, chick length and yolk color |
[52] |
A mixture of lemon, onion, and garlic juice at portions 1.00, 1.00, and 0.125/liter of the drinking water, respectively | Improved FCR Increased number of eggs/hen, percentage of egg production, and egg mass/hen Enhanced yolk color and yolk percentage |
[53] |
Dose/route | Type of production | Effects | Reference |
Garlic powder 1% or 3% garlic | Broiler chickens | No effect on antibody production against NDV and leukocyte count | [66] |
Garlic 10 and 30 g/kg diet | White Leghorn chickens | Enhanced antibodies against NDV, SRBCs, and BA Augmented splenocyte and thymocyte proliferations Reduced CD4+, but increasing CD4: CD8- lymphocyte ratios and WBCs count Increased relative weights of immune organs (spleen, thymus glands, and bursa of Fabricius) |
[67] |
Garlic 0.5%, 1.0%, and 3% | Broiler chickens | Lower weights of bursa of Fabricius and spleen | [29] |
Garlic powder 0.1% | Broiler chickens | Improved relative weight of bursa of Fabricius without effect on the spleen weight No effect on NDV vaccine (LaSota) antibody response |
[68] |
Garlic powder 3% and 5% of diet | Broiler chickens | No influence on bursa of Fabricius and thymus weights Decrease spleen weight |
[31] |
A mixture of ginger and garlic (1:1 ratio) 50ml/liter of the drinking water | Marshal broiler chickens | Increased total protein, albumin, and globulin | [32] |
Garlic extract (allicin) 25, 50, 75, or 100 mg/kg diet | Broiler chickens | Increased total protein and albumin concentrations by about 4.7 and 5.9%, respectively (50 mg/kg) No effect on total protein, albumin or globulin concentrations (25, 75, or 100 mg/kg) |
[69] |
Fresh garlic paste 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8%/ liter of drinking water | Broiler chickens | Increased antibody titer against NDV | [35] |
Garlic-meal 0.125% of feed. | Broiler chickens | Reducing scores of IBDV signs Higher mortality rate High antibody response to IBDV |
[70] |
Garlic essential oil 0.06 mL/L drinking water | Broiler chickens | Improved immune organ index, IgM, IgG, and IgA | [71] |
A basal diet plus 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 g garlic powder/kg diet | Broiler chickens | Increasing total protein, globulin, IgM, and IgG Improved liver and immune related organs weight |
[12] |
Garlic essential oil (200 mg/kg diet) alone/or combination with lemon essential oil (200 mg/kg diet) under heat stress | Broiler chickens | Increasing the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius and the serum antibody titer against NDV No changes in relative weights of spleen and thymus glands, and antibody titer against AIV |
[23] |
Dose/route | Type of production | Effects | Reference |
Garlic paste (3.8%), solvent fractions, or garlic oil equal to this quantity in feed | Broiler chickens Leghorn laying pullets |
Decreasing serum cholesterol by 18 and 23% in broilers and Leghorn pullets, respectively | [24] |
Garlic oil 0.02% in meal | Babcock B-300 strain of laying hens | No effect on serum cholesterol | [41] |
Garlic 2% in feed | Broiler chickens | Lowering in hepatic cholesterol concentrations | [109] |
Garlic 3% in meal | Broiler chickens | Decreased plasma cholesterol and breast and thigh muscle cholesterol | [110] |
Garlic powder 3% in diet | Laying hens | No change in serum cholesterol concentrations | [42] |
Sun-dried garlic paste 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% of diet | Hisex Brown, Isa Brown, Lohmann, Starcross, Babcock, and Starcross-579 strains of laying hens | Decreased serum cholesterol concentrations | [43] |
Garlic 0, 1, 3, or 5% in meal | Laying hens | No change in HDL level | [111] |
Garlic powder 0.5 and 10 g/kg feed | Laying hens | Decreased serum triglyceride | [45] |
Garlic 2% and fenugreek 2% | Lohmann Brown laying hens | Increased HDL Reduced serum cholesterol and LDL |
[47] |
Garlic powder 1% or 3% garlic | Broiler chickens | No effect on leukocyte count | [66] |
Garlic powder 10 and 20 g kg−1 | Laying hens | Reduced total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and HDL | [112] |
Garlic powder 5-20 g kg−1 | Broiler chickens | Decreased plasma LDL cholesterol No effect on HDL cholesterol | [113] |
Fermented garlic powder 3% in diet | Laying hens | Decreased serum cholesterol | [114] |
Garlic powder 1, 2, and 4% in feed | Laying hens | Increased plasma HDL and LDL (1, 2, and 4%). | [49] |
Garlic 1, 3, and 5% and 3% garlic powder + 200 IU of α-tocopherol/kg of feed | Broiler chickens | Reduced the total and LDL levels Increased the HDL levels |
[28] |
A mixture of garlic and thyme powder 0.1 and 0.2 g kg−1 | Laying hens | No effect on cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, and LDL | [115] |
Garlic powder 0.1% | Broiler chickens | Decreased tri glycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL Increased HDL |
[68] |
Garlic powder at 0.2% and 0.4% of feed | Cobb broiler chickens | Reduced tri glycerides, cholesterol, and LDL Increased HDL |
[116] |
Garlic powder 3% and 5% of diet | Broiler chickens | Decrease spleen weight, RBCs, WBCs, and packed cells volume | [31] |
Garlic powder 1%, fenugreek 1%, and garlic powder 1% + fenugreek 0.5% Garlic and fenugreek 2% |
Laying hens | Decreased LDL Beneficial effects on cholesterol metabolism |
[51] |
A mixture of ginger and garlic (1:1 ratio) 50ml/liter of the drinking water | Marshal broiler chickens | Increased haemoglobin, packed cell volume, WBCs, RBCs, total protein, albumin, and globulin Decreased cholesterol |
[32] |
A mixture of lemon, onion, and garlic juice at portions 1.00, 1.00, and 0.125/liter of the drinking water, respectively | Bovan Brown layer chickens | Decreasing total plasma cholesterol content, GPT, GOT, and creatinine | [53] |
Garlic 5g/kg feed, black cumin 5g /kg, or their combination | Ross-308 broiler chickens | Increasing total protein Reduced GOT |
[38] |
Probiotic, citric acid, and garlic supplemented with 0.5 g kg−1 multi-strain probiotic mixture, citric acid and garlic powder, respectively. Probiotic-citric and probiotic-garlic groups treated with 0.5 g kg−1 multi-strain probiotic mixture, and 0.5 g kg−1 citric acid and garlic powder, respectively, while citric-garlic group fed diet with 0.5 g kg−1 of citric acid and garlic powder. | Broiler chickens | Decreased cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL Elevated HDL |
[20] |
A basal diet plus 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 g garlic powder/kg diet | Broiler chickens | Increasing RBCs, hemoglobin HDL, SOD, and total anti oxidant capacity Decreasing total cholesterol, LDL, GOT, and AMD |
[12] |
Garlic essential oil (200 mg/kg diet) alone/or combination with lemon essential oil (200 mg/kg diet) under heat stress | Broiler chickens | Reducing MDA, triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL Increasing HDL, SOD, and GPx |
[23] |
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