Hard to Reach and Hidden: Improving Identification of Young Dementia Carers

1. Introduction

The World Health Organization [WHO] [1] has declared dementia as one of the greatest healthcare challenges of the 21^st century. In the UK, approximately 885,000 people living with this condition. This equals to one in every 79 (1.3%) of the entire UK population, and 1 in every 14 of the population aged 65 years and over. The total number is predicted to increase to over 1.6 million by 2040 [2].

Across the world, the care and support for people living with dementia is primarily provided by family members [3,4]. They assist in all aspects of daily life, including personal care, but vitally, they also play a major role in supporting the individual’s mental wellbeing and sense of belonging [1,4]. Whilst spouses and adult children are in most cases the primary caregivers, often younger members of the family take on an active role in supporting their family member with dementia [5]. The number of children in this situation is rising. This is due to more families taking on the care of a grandparent [6,7], and people with young onset dementia (YOD) being more likely to have school-age children, particularly as couples are waiting longer to have children. These young people can be classed as ‘young carers’ as they are under the age of 18 and undertake unpaid care [8]. Although positive outcomes such as improved self-esteem and resilience have been associated with the young carers role [6], evidence also shows a negative impact on personal relationships and overall wellbeing as a result of increased anxiety and levels of stress, loneliness, and isolation [9,10]. More specifically, accumulating evidence highlights the impact that parental YOD can have on these children as they experience the gradual loss of the parent at an age when they are developing their own identity [11,12,13]. This diagnosis impacts on family roles and future plans [14] and as the condition progresses, young members may take on more caring responsibilities [15]. Similarly, a recent review by Venters & Jones [7] has described positive and negative impacts of grandparental dementia on young people. Regardless of this evidence, and despite their statutory rights [16] young carers in the UK (but also worldwide) are under supported [8] and this reality is exacerbated in the case of young dementia carers (YDCs) who are vastly overlooked [11,13].

Evidence shows that identifying YDCs is challenging, hence there is a strong need for raising awareness regarding their needs [11,13,17]. In 2016, the National Children’s Bureau [18] undertook research in England aimed at collating evidence on how the needs of YDCs could best be met. Online survey data was collected from practitioners and managers working in services for young carers, dementia carers and/or carers more generally. Despite extensive dissemination efforts the authors reported significant issues on data collection (only 12 respondents completed the survey) and concluded that there is a need to address the invisibility and ‘hidden nature’ of this group of young people that help care for an adult with dementia. More recently, work carried out by The Children’s Society [19] reported similar concerns, identifying YDCs as a ‘seldom heard’ group with worryingly low levels of self-recognition associated, in part, to the social stigma linked to having a parent with dementia.

In response to the above, tailored support tools are being developed. Very recently Masterson-Algar et al. [20] developed iSupport for Young People. This is an adaptation of iSupport, an e-health training programme developed by the WHO to support adult dementia carers [21]. iSupport for Young People aims to support the mental health, knowledge, and skills of YDCs and also help service providers improve the support they offer. However, as previously explained, the visibility and level of identification of these young people remains very low, and so the worry is that tools such as iSupport for Young People will not to reach their target audience, therefore failing to help mitigate the impact of caring and support these young people and their families. In light of this, the aim of this work is to explore the factors that play a role in the success (or failure) of relevant services/organizations and research to identify (and support) YDCs. Specifically, we explore:

▪

Current pathways for identification of YDCs and barriers and facilitators to their implementation.

▪

Potential strategies that can improve the visibility of YDCs and in turn raise awareness.

2. Materials and Methods

A qualitative approach was followed drawing from the lived experiences of study participants. Recruitment took place between January and March 2023 and purposive sampling based on professional background and lived experience was used. Team members’ networks and relevant social media platforms were used to approach potential participants. To be eligible participants had to belong to one these four categories: a parent of a YDC; a young adult (16+) with experience of caring for a family member with dementia at a younger age; a dementia researcher; a professional working in the dementia/young carers sector, this could include local authority, publicly and privately funded organisations as well as charities.

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Bangor University’s School of Medical and Health Sciences Academic Ethics Committee (ref: 2021-16915-A14954) on 19/01/2023. Those who expressed an interest in taking part were provided with a participant information sheet, given the opportunity to ask questions and asked to provide written consent.

2.1. Data Collection

All data collection was conducted online and involved two phases:

Phase 1: Semi-structured interviews: Interviews were carried out by PMA who arranged to meet the participants on Zoom. The interview spine (see Supplementary File 1) was agreed amongst all team members and was specifically designed to capture information on personal experiences and awareness of visibility and identification pathways of YDCs. Interviews were expected to last approximately one hour and were recorded and transcribed verbatim.

Phase 2: Participatory online workshop: once all interviews were completed participants took part in a 2-hour online workshop. They were involved as ‘knowing subjects’ and asked to bring their perspectives into the knowledge-production process [10]. During the first part of the workshop, participants had the opportunity to discuss and critique results from the preliminary analysis of phase 1 data (emerging themes) which PMA presented (see Supplementary File 2). The second part focussed on exploring strategies to increase the visibility and improve identification pathways of YDCs. The workshop was audio recorded and transcribed verbatim.

2.2. Qualitative Analysis

An iterative process of explanation building, and detailed thematic analysis was carried out following the method described by Braun and Clarke [22]. The initial analysis was inductive and grounded in the data and carried out by the first author (PMA) who coded all transcripts from interviews using Atlas.ti. Preliminary themes were generated and shared with the research team for comments and when necessary, agreement was reached through discussion. Workshop data was subsequently coded, and an iterative process of explanation building was undertaken with the input of all authors in order to generate refined themes and address study objectives.

3. Results

Twenty-three potential participants were contacted through team members’ networks, none were recruited and none were recruited via social media. Four of them declined due to work and personal commitments. The remaining nineteen consented to take part in the study (see Table 1 for details). Eleven participants were professionals working in a range of relevant settings across the UK such as dementia/young carers charities, local councils and health and social care. Three were experienced dementia researchers and the remining five participants had lived experience of dementia and YOD within their family. Seventeen participants completed the online interview which on average lasted between 40-60 minutes. Fifteen participants attended the online workshop which was 2 hours long (including a comfort break).

3.1. Identified Themes

Interview data analysis identified seven preliminary themes. These were further refined in response to participants input during the phase 2 workshop and team discussions, leading to five themes (and sub-themes) (Table 2). The first three directly address issues around identification whilst themes 4 and 5 are linked to factors shaping support for YDCs. Themes will now be described with exemplary evidence from transcripts.

3.1.1. Theme 1 – A ‘whole family approach’ [as a clear pathway to identification]

There was general consensus across all participants of the vital importance of a family centred approach to supporting those affected by dementia and the role that this approach can play in identifying YDCs. Unanimously everyone agreed that dementia shapes the lives of all family members and that often, particularly in the case of YOD, children under the age of 18 have to deal first-hand with its multi-layered impact. A family approach was described as vital in order to ‘untangle’ the impact of the illness. As one participant put it:

“When there's dependence, you know, children under 18 involved. It needs to be a family-centred approach to the dementia care. It isn't person centred approach. They are a unit, and all the care and support needs to be for the whole family unit because they all need it”

(P15)

Participants described several barriers to the implementation of family-centred approaches which in turn had a negative impact on YDCs’ identification. Current processes in place when adults are newly diagnosed with dementia do not require professionals to enquire about younger family members that are likely to be affected. These post-diagnosis conversations often remain solely focussed on identifying the primary caregiver and almost never explore the role and potential impact on younger family members. One participant explained:

“If their systems and processes don’t ask around are there any children who might be affected…. Then I think that’s missing a trick and I think that’s one thing, if we really want to improve identification of this group, then that’s one of the real opportunities”

(P6)

If the post-diagnosis process does not include exploring the wider family members of the person with dementia, identification of YDCs then comes down to individuals ‘thinking outside the box’ driven by their own interest. As the same participant continued to explain:

“Particularly within healthcare settings, if it’s not part of the process, in terms of asking a question then it very much relies on that individual having that knowledge. Because that’s a prompt, that’s what that instigates, because they will be brilliant people who get it, who will do it anyway. But then it’ll be for those who are sort of not so familiar, to ask the question and think about it”

(P6)

Leading from this, participants also explained that in their view, identification was also reliant on not only upskilling professionals (primarily those working within adult services and settings including dementia related charities) to make sure they understand what a family-centred approach is but also making sure they are aware of all facets of caring. This means moving away from the reductionist view that defines it as physical/personal care provided by the primary carer:

“A lot of work on identification focuses on those who provide physical care for someone rather than the emotional support, so say if it’s a grandparent with dementia, they [YDCs] may well be providing emotional support to the parent, who’s dealing with that side of it as well. So, identification within adult settings is really, really key”

(P6)

Identification of YDCs via adult services and adult support initiatives was, in everyone’s view, critical. However, Adult Social Care settings were described as ‘not historically great at identifying young carers’ and this was reflected, as one participant explained, in a very small number of referrals from these services to young carers organizations. A lack of communication and confusion in terms of available referral pathways was identified as one of the primary causes that lead to these young people being left behind. One participant explained:

“There was also a misunderstanding as to who would refer the young person. So, education presumed social work would be referring and social work presumed education staff would be referring. And it turned out no one was referring the young person, so they were just kind of left dangling, which is really sad”

(P1)

Other examples of adult support settings that were mentioned could be used to identify YDCs were care home providers and also charity-run dementia support groups for people with dementia and their carers:

“Visiting dementia support groups and speaking to the carers, and seeing if they've got children, seeing if they've even got grandchildren who are there and who are helping to support (the person with dementia)”

(P1)

3.1.2. Theme 2: ‘Not a carer’

Participants, particularly the parents of YDCs, reported a difficulty in viewing their children as ‘young carers’. Parents described different reasons for this. One participant explained:

“I didn’t see my sons as carers, because they've always looked after Nana and Grandpa. When they went out, they'd always made sure they were OK. So, as dad's dementia progressed the way they sort of cared for him just changed. Until I actually sat down and thought, well actually yes, they are. It was just something that they adapted into live. That's how they lived.”

(P8)

In line to what was described in Theme 1, another reason why parents did not see their children as ‘carers’ was due to them associating the role of carers as purely linked to day-to-day self-care tasks. As one participant explained:

“They weren't carers because they didn't chop up his food or look after him. But yeah, I was at work. And who was babysitting who? […] It's just that these kids get a higher degree of responsibility at an earlier age. I wouldn’t have called them young carers, but yeah, they were. They're babysitting their dad at, you know, at age 7, 8, 9 so I can go to work.”

(P15)

Professional participants and researchers agreed with the above. The label ‘young carer’ was described as leading to confusion. It was perceived as reductionist if it ignored all aspects of emotional support which are often what YDCs are mostly involved in (on a regular basis). This label was described as generating a ‘pushback’ that ‘puts people off’. As one participant described:

“We use that term quite loosely and broadly, you’re the carer. And there’s often a pushback on that, from loads of people I’ve worked with. No actually, I’m a wife to my husband, or we’re friends, or I’m a child, you know, this is my mum, I’m not my mum’s carer, I’m my mum’s daughter.”

(P4)

Similarly, according to our data, YDCs themselves don’t tend to identify as carers. They perceive caring as a ‘normal part of their life’ and many of them who were very young at the time of their family members diagnosis don’t remember any different. Also, as these young people are often not the primary carer, their responsibilities are occasional. As one parent explained “they dip in an out as required rather than it being ‘Oh, I have to get up and I have to help him get washed. I have to help him get dressed’” (P7).

A further reason that participants explained for YDCs avoiding being identified as ‘young carers’ is linked to the perceived negative connotations that this could have in their day-to-day life, at a time when they are developing their own sense of self and identity:

“People don't understand it. Someone with young onset might look perfectly normal on the outside so kids can become very secretive. They can become very isolated because they don't want friends to come home and see what's going on. All that emotion and turmoil and trying to work out what the hell is going on.”

(P5)

The difficulties and reticence of young people to self-identify as a young carer was also described as closely linked to the way in which their parent’s YOD diagnosis was explained to them by their ‘healthy’ parent. Participants explained that although not disclosing information is often seen by parents as a way to protect the child from the ‘unknown’ it can lead to young people feeling anxious and confused. As two parent participants explained:

“I find that the more open parents are with their children at an earlier stage, the more they are able to come to terms with what's going on.”

(P5)

“It wasn't a big elephant in the room. It wasn't a big dark secret. It wasn't. It was talked about. So therefore, when it got worse, I could say, look, I'm really sorry, girls, but dad's dementia is getting worse. And this is why we now can't do this, or this is why he finds this difficult. At each stage, you could explain it.”

(P15)

3.1.3. Theme 3: Postcode Lottery

Participants voiced their concerns about the high variability of support services for YDCs provided by schools, local authorities, and charities across the UK. This was seen as having a direct impact on levels of identification. Areas with well-established support services (in which some of the participants lived/practiced) had, over the years, developed and implemented a number of initiatives to support YDCs and their families. An example discussed in detail was the role of Admiral Nurses (specialist dementia nurses) who provide support to families affected by dementia. Although their support was unanimously described as ‘gold standard’ by all, Admiral Nurses are not available across all the UK nations, which resulted in frustration across all participant groups. As one participant explained:

“I had been living with my husband’s dementia for about 10 years and somebody said to me, oh, have you not got any? Well, there were no Admiral Nurses in [city]. None at all. I think these days most people who need a Macmillan nurse can get access to one. But you know it shouldn't be like that.”

(P12)

Admiral Nurses who took part in this study described how, in line with the nature of YOD, their role is to provide support for the families as and when needed and that, not surprisingly, it is often emotionally draining.

“I love the families I work with. I'm not going to lie; I do struggle with the emotional overload sometimes. You just feel so frustrated, you know there are no magic wands. It is that ability as Admiral Nurses for families to feel held. And not feel completely on their own. They know they can rely on you being there for them at a time when they just need to be heard. And not having to tell their story again and again, not having to explain themselves.”

(P5)

The same ‘postcode lottery’ aspect applied to the role that schools across the UK can offer in terms of helping improve the identification and support available to YDCs. Unanimously, participants agreed that schools should play a vital role in identifying and supporting these young people. However, the pressures faced by schools a means that, according to participants, this role is in the best-case scenario limited to that of a ‘port of call’ and signposting:

“We are not asking them (schools) to do everything, it’s about them being the ones to identify potential children in need of support. And then linking them into the relevant organisation, whether it be through the local authority, whether it be a carer’s organisation or a dementia specific organisation, each local area will need their own pathway for it.”

(P6)

Participants agreed that across the UK, schools show high variability in terms of how effective and invested they are in identifying and supporting YDCs. Personal experience of dementia of relevant school staff (e.g., headmasters, pastoral care team) was described as one of the factors contributing to this variability:

“If there is someone within the school who has had their own personal experience of dementia that opens doors. My girls were at primary school, and having the head teacher, who had an experience of having a mother with dementia, meant she was much more sympathetic to me when I burst into her office and went blah, help!”

(P15)

The difference was reported to be more accentuated between primary and secondary schools due mainly to size. Professional participants also conveyed difficulties engaging, particularly secondary schools in their research projects or support initiatives.

“At primary school, they were very well supported, and actually, the school invited me and her to go and do a talk for the teachers, about dementia, and what it’s like to care for somebody in your family with dementia, and I thought that was absolutely fantastic that they wanted to know how to support her. At secondary school, where nobody even asked, it’s almost like they really didn’t want to know, because it might be too difficult.”

(P2)

A lack of clear referral pathways that schools can follow and a lack of awareness and understanding of what a ‘young carer’ was unanimously described as having a major impact on the ability of schools to identify and support these children.

“I surveyed all of our education staff, primary and secondary school. And I had almost 800 responses, so we only have about 1,200 staff, so it was a really great response rate. And almost 90% of those staff have never had any training whatsoever on young carers.”

(P1)

“We don’t have any set standard referral pathways for children and families living with young onset dementia. I think they’ve recently been described as the kind of forgotten children”

(P4)

3.1.4. Theme 4: Tailored support that is ‘fit for purpose’

The uncertain and unpredictable nature of dementia, and YOD in particular, was described by most participants as an added factor that brings unique challenges for families dealing with the diagnosis. Hence, parent participants conveyed how, in their opinion, there is a lack of support within the young carers charity sector that is ‘fit for purpose’:

“I’ve never found that right place for them. They were seen as young carers, but what they were offered were things like trips to bowling or to a trampoline park, and although of course they love all of that sort of thing, I can take them there, and the young carers that they were with absolutely need that respite. My girls didn’t particularly need that, they needed someone to talk to.”

(P2)

However, there was agreement amongst participants on the fact that recently some charities the support young carers have started to realise this reality and are actively moving towards a more young-person-centred approach:

“What should young carers’ support look like? I think there are lots of young carers for whom the trips, the breaks are a hugely important part. But what else does the Young Carer Service do, how does it achieve some of the long-lasting change for that young person? What are the biggest issues for them? And I think that’s where lots of Young Carer Services have moved to, that person centred way. Is it trips and activities or is it actually that information about the condition? Is it someone to talk to? Is it about the emergency planning in place? I think it’s having that variety of support.”

(P6)

YDCs, who often don’t see themselves as carers, as previously discussed, are not likely to engage directly with these charities and respond to their marketing campaigns. This means that the vital role they should play in identifying and supporting these young people is lost. As one professional explains, in response to this, targeting parents is the strategy used in some of these charities:

“It’s also whether actually will young people access. If you are a young carer’s charity, will they be following you on social media? Probably not. If you’re a young people’s charity, possibly might be, if they’re interested in mental health, but otherwise how do you get that message to the young people? I think a lot of the focus is around getting the messaging to parents, and professionals, because are they going to see it? And then if they do see it, what can they do, how can they access it?.

(P6)

Support for YDCs should be offered from diagnosis and continue throughout its progression. Participants, Admiral Nurses in particular, explained that it is often the case that in the early stages of dementia, young people (and their family members) are not ready to ask for help and receive support. However, as they discussed, it is about them knowing that the support is there for whenever is needed, understanding there is a period of adjustment:

“Once the family has that diagnosis, there is that period of adjustment, it’s life changing, and the family needs to work through together, and you don’t want to be kind of running in and saying, you know, this service is available. But it’s about saying, this is the diagnosis, this is what it means. And I’m here for you and I’m going to come back.”

(P4)

“At the point of diagnosis, find a way to get in touch with them, and have something useful for them. If they’re not ready for it then, make sure that it’s followed up. So that when they are ready, you’re ready to go. There needs to be that iterative process involved. Just so that people know that when they do need help, that it’s there.”

(P7)

One parent who never had access to Admiral Nurses explained it in this way:

“We didn’t need a lot of support; we went along quite nicely most of the time. But there were those times, okay things have changed, or this is a different dynamic now, or GCSEs and this… And it would have been so helpful if I’d just been able to pick up my phone to the one person and say could you help out with this, I’m not quite sure what I’m doing as a mum, or as a carer, right now.”

(P2)

Overall, participants agreed that it is often at crisis point that young people finally reach out for support. This was linked not only to the progression of the condition (e.g., hospitalizations, transition to domiciliary care) but also to their own development as adolescents who are emotionally growing:

“Or just immaturity, I think everybody thinks that they can do it themselves, even in advanced years, you struggle on and do it, and eventually you think actually, you know what, I can’t do this on my own.”

(P7)

Finally, linked to the need to tailor support services, participants discussed at length the nuances between those young people affected by either parental or by grandparental dementia. Overall, there was agreement on the fact that the impact of YOD is multi-layered and unique as it is the young person’s primary caregiver (parent) that is ‘lost’. Hence, whilst services should aim to support all young people affected by dementia there is a strong and urgent need, conveyed by participants, to also offer tailored services to address the needs of this cohort of children affected by YOD:

“If you are a 3-year-old when your parent gets dementia, you'll never remember that parent without dementia. And it's trying to get people to understand. Why this cohort of children and young people’s needs are different. It is really crucial in terms of developing services to support them.”

(P5)

3.1.5. Theme 5: The ‘power’ of peer support

Unanimously, all participants agreed that peer support was an effective way of supporting YDCs to deal with the impact of the illness at its different stages:

“Talk, communication. This should be the what the memory services should be teaching. That the way your kids are going to get through it is by peer support and knowing they're not alone. And by talking about it and talking to their parents. That's what is going to be a crucial factor.”

(P15)

Peer support was described as a powerful tool that generates feelings of ‘camaraderie’ where everybody is aware, without having to talk about it, of the challenges they and others are facing (e.g., feeling left out, isolated, misunderstood). As two participants explained:

“Our children felt unusual, isolated and alone. We organised art therapy workshops, but it could have been anything. I don’t think they specifically spoke about the fact that they all had a parent with dementia. It was that camaraderie without it being said out loud. I might be the only one in my school but there are other kids who are going through what I’m going through. That socialisation was important to them.”

(P15)

“In that group there’s a universal understanding, and I don’t then have to do the explaining part. And it’s the explaining part that’s the friction in society for myself. But in this group, we are all a part of this, we’re doing it together, not alone, and we don’t have to really say as much or as little.”

(P17)

The success of peer support also lay, according to participants, in the fact that it generates a feeling of normality:

“Just bringing young people together, of different age groups, but not necessarily talking about dementia, the therapy was actually just being with other people and just doing normal things. They don’t want to be singled out, they don’t bring their friends home, or want to have to explain themselves. So being with other people who are in a similar situation, is really, really powerful.”

(P5)

Finally, in line with Theme 1 participants reinforced the fact that this peer support works best sometimes if targeting the family as a whole:

“When families come together, they do gravitate towards another family who experiences the same things just because they have lived experience and they can share those things and they form really good relationships outside of the group. And they talk and it's providing them an opportunity to expand their networks and share, and that important.”

(P10)

4. Discussion

The needs of YDCs (and their families) are not being met. Our findings explored in detail the multi-faceted factors that play a role in enabling or hindering identification and support efforts. Not surprisingly, our themes present clear parallels with published evidence focusing on young carers in general [23] and on adult carers [24,25,26]. For example, a recent study that surveyed almost 2500 young carers across six European countries, including the UK, described service provision as disjointed and lacking in continuity [27]. This had a direct impact on the proportion of young carers receiving formal support, which, for example, was reported to be as low as 13% and 15% of young carers in Italy and Switzerland respectively. Data from the UK showed that 47% of young carers had received formal support, however, the authors attribute this higher number to the way in which young carers in the UK were recruited, which was via young carers’ projects (rather than via schools). Similar evidence has been reported on adult carers. Carers UK [24] data showed that over a third of adult carers (36%) did not know what services were available to them and 61% were worried about what services would continue for the next 12 months. Also, that only 25% of carers had completed a Carer’s Assessment and, most worryingly, that 39% of those that had not completed one, did not know what they were. According to our evidence, these same issues apply to YDCs who, depending on where they live, might have access to some type of formal support but even then, are likely not to access it because they are not aware of it or because they don’t see themselves as the target audience. The caring role that young people do, not only in the UK but also internationally, remains a ‘private family matter rather than an issue for public policy intervention’ [8, p.82]. In the UK this is despite campaigns such as ‘Young Carer’s Awareness Day’ organized by the Carers Trust since 2014 and also new legislation protecting their rights [16,17].

Our findings provide evidence to suggest that low level of self-identification is likely to be more prevalent amongst YDCs as well as amongst other young carers who are affected by parental conditions that are particularly stigmatized such as those linked to alcohol/substance misuse, mental health, or Huntington’s Disease [19,23,29]. We know that children and young people in these families often don’t see themselves as carers but also that they actively avoid being identified as one for fear of discrimination and prejudice in school or amongst friends [9,10]. As Astrup [30] reported this fear is underpinned by a lack of understanding of what the term ‘carer’ means; this being particularly true for those young carers that do not receive any formal support [23]. Hence, we believe that it is by working with young people themselves and relevant stakeholders to create services that are ‘fit for purpose’ that some of the challenges of self-identification can be overcome. As we see it, without tailored services in place, identification success becomes meaningless, even harmful, potentially driving YDCs and their families away.

According to our participants, adult services are failing at identifying YDCs (and young carers in general). Our data is in line with previous research that showed how, across Europe, only 4-10% of referrals to young carers services were done by adult’s social care and health services [27]. To address this, in recent years adult services have been pressured to make a ‘paradigm shift’ and move towards a whole family approach. However, evidence (including this study) suggests that this approach is currently not being successfully implemented in the UK [8,19,25] or across Europe [23,31]. This failure linked to communication gaps between children’s services and adult services, coupled with a lack of awareness amongst local authorities and health professionals on what a young carer is and what are the referral pathways [32]. Although, there is mounting pressure on social services and the NHS to upskill professionals to ‘ensure they are able to identify, signpost and support carers when they encounter them’ [24, p.10] in our opinion there is a strong need for more conceptualization and more professional awareness in both, social and health sectors of whole family practices with emphasis on the need to move away from a short-sighted definition of ‘family’ as a dyad formed of the primary carer and the person being cared for [32,33,34]. This should lead to improvements in the way each family member’s needs are listened to and addressed, not only in dementia care but also in the care of families affected by Parkinson’s [35] or Stroke [36] where a lack of family centred care has also been identified.

Our findings advocate for services like the ones Admiral Nurses provide in the UK, as key drivers to the successful implementation of a whole family approach and to the identification of YDCs. These services are provided by registered nurses that, supported by the charity Dementia UK, specialise in supporting families affected by dementia [37]. They step away from the medical model of nursing and follow a biopsychosocial approach that provides psychological and emotional support to families whilst at the same time helping them navigate the complexities of accessing health and social care support [37]. Although mainly community based, in recent years, this model of dementia care, has also shown promise when adapted to particular populations such as families affected by young onset dementia [38] and acute hospital settings [39]. Brown et al. [38] reported on family carers’ experiences of a specialist Lewy body dementia (LBD) Admiral Nurse service and concluded that, in line with what our study shows, the specialist knowledge and expertise of the LBD Admiral Nurses enabled family carers to better support the person with dementia and also helped reduce emotional stress associated with caring. Additionally, evidence on the cost-saving implications of an Admiral Nurse model is also starting to emerge. For example, a small pilot study [40] found that the Norfolk Admiral Nurse service meant a saving to the health and social care economy of £426,601, hence demonstrating that it is possible to deliver gold standard clinical care with no financial risk to the taxpayer. However, despite dementia being the leading cause of death among people in the UK there are currently only 376 Admiral Nurses and only a very small proportion of these are available as formal support for families affected by YOD which are more likely to have younger members [41]. This is in stark contrast to the more than 4000 Macmillan cancer nurses [42] with which participants in our study drew parallels in terms of their vital role in supporting families [43]. Although still early days, we join other clinicians and researchers in advocating the need for Admiral Nurses-type service (delivered by nurses but potentially also by other relevant professionals) to be an essential, rather than an optional component of dementia care, not only in the UK but across the world. More specifically, our study provides evidence to support targeted research and clinical efforts to further adapt and tailor the service to reach and support families that include YDCs. We agree with Foster et al. [43] in calling for an increase in research efforts (targeting large scale UK and international research funding) running alongside work on identifying effective implementation pathways to maximise the impact of research and its sustainability. We also encourage international efforts as we are confident that this whole family approach model driven by Admiral Nurses is transferable and has the potential to be adapted to other health and social care systems across the world and to serve as a catalyst for the identification of YDCs.

To date, most of the research on YDCs (and young carers in general), including this study, has taken place mainly in a small pool of developed countries. Recent reviews looking at the experiences of those affected by parental YOD [11,12,17] have included studies mainly from the UK followed by the USA, Canada, and Australia. Little is known about these young people and their families, but this is particularly true for those living in developing countries. However, some studies are starting to emerge. Dourado et al. [44] compared YOD carers’ experiences in Brazil and Norway and reported that, regardless of cultural differences and disparities in access to support services, carers of people with YOD experienced highly similar challenges. We advocate for research and clinical efforts that consider knowledge across cultures, facilitating collaborative designs to deal with the shared challenges that YDCs and their families face.

4.1. Recommendations

Our findings support the need for a broad and holistic approach to the identification and support of YDCs. Although we see identification of YDCs as the first step to supporting them directly, the support itself (if accessible, relatable, and tailored to their needs and their family’s needs) will play a role in improving subsequent identification. We recommend the following:

• Awareness building (involving active participation of young people) amongst professionals from adult and young people’s settings, young people themselves and families. The focus should be on broadening the understanding of whole family approaches and the concept of ‘caring’ as a multi-faceted role.
• Creation/improvement of communication pathways between adult and young people’s services (inclusing young carers projects and schools). This responds to the realisation that the issue of identification is interconnected and interdependent with both service settings.
• Adaptation of post-diagnosis assessments/visits by adult services professionals to include questions regarding younger family members and their potential involvement in supporting the person with dementia. In order to improve signposting and referral systems we recommend the development of clear communication pathways across adult and young people’s organizations (including schools).Without addressing the communication gaps between young people’s services and adult services the implementation of a whole family approach will fail.
• Re-thinking and widening of young carers charities’ marketing and engagement campaigns, challenging stigma, and promoting self-recognition ensuring that the language and labels used resonate with YDCs. This can be achieved via active co-production of campaigns with YDCs. We recommend including case scenarios and examples of these particular cohorts in newsletters and campaigns and in tools already used within schools and other sectors.
• Developing peer support initiatives for this group, which might be delivered face to face or online. Although there are commonalities between the challenges linked to grandparental and parental dementia, services need to address the unique challenges and support these different situations. If not ‘fit for purpose’ they will inhibit the identification and subsequent engagement in support initiatives.
• Marketing and awareness campaigns to promote the role of Admiral Nurses and enable a more equitable distribution not only across the UK but also internationally. These campaigns should include clear evidence of the need and value of this service. They should also include a step-by-step guide of the process that local authorities (in collaboration with third sector organizations) need to follow in order to allocate the right resources for the set up and implementation of Admiral Nurse-type services. Uptake needs to go hand in hand with the generation of research evidence and the set up of effective ways for researchers to work with stakeholders to maximise the impact of such research.

5. Conclusions

This study shows that YDCs are currently unsupported and unidentified by support services and the wider society. In response to this, we have explored identification pathways and have highlighted barriers and enablers to their implementation. The recommendations that we propose support the need for a broad and holistic approach that places YDCs and their families at the center of awareness raising campaigns and service development efforts. We provide evidence that highlights the need to improve communication pathways between adult and children’s services. This responds to the realisation that the issue of identification is interconnected and interdependent with both areas of practice and closely driven by a whole family approach. Future research efforts should be focussed on evaluating the multifaceted impact of a tailored YOD Admiral Nurse model. We believe that this model, will increase the identification of YDCs and will also underpin the design of support services for these young people that are fit for purpose, which in turn will continue to improve identification.