Zhang, S.; Chen, H.; Xie, L. ASVMR: Adaptive Support-Vector-Machine-Based Routing Protocol in the Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network for Smart Ocean. J. Mar. Sci. Eng.2023, 11, 1736.
Zhang, S.; Chen, H.; Xie, L. ASVMR: Adaptive Support-Vector-Machine-Based Routing Protocol in the Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network for Smart Ocean. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 1736.
Zhang, S.; Chen, H.; Xie, L. ASVMR: Adaptive Support-Vector-Machine-Based Routing Protocol in the Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network for Smart Ocean. J. Mar. Sci. Eng.2023, 11, 1736.
Zhang, S.; Chen, H.; Xie, L. ASVMR: Adaptive Support-Vector-Machine-Based Routing Protocol in the Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network for Smart Ocean. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 1736.
Abstract
Underwater acoustic sensor network (UASN) plays a crucial role in collecting real-time data from remote areas of the ocean. However, deploying the UASN is a challenging problem due to the harsh environment and high deployment cost. Therefore, it is essential to design an appropriate routing protocol to effectively address the issues of routing void, packet delivery delay, and energy utilization. In this paper, an adaptive support-vector-machine-based routing (ASVMR) protocol is proposed for the UASN to prolong the network lifetime and reduce the end-to-end packet delivery delay. The proposed protocol employs a distributed routing approach that dynamically optimizes the routing path in real-time by considering four types of node state information. Moreover, the ASVMR protocol establishes a "routing vector" spanning from the current node to the sink node, and selects a suitable pipe radius according to the packet delivery ratio (PDR). In addition, the ASVMR protocol incorporates future states of sensor nodes into the decision-making process, along with the adoption of a waiting time mechanism and routing void recovery mechanism. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed ASVMR protocol performs well, in terms of the PDR, the hop count, the end-to-end delay, and the energy efficiency in dynamic underwater environments.
Keywords
Underwater acoustic sensor network (UASN); intelligent routing protocol; support vector machine (SVM); packet delivery ratio (PDR)
Subject
Engineering, Marine Engineering
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
