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Pericytes and Resident Perivascular Macrophages Play a Key Role in the Development of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Hayden, M.R. Pericytes and Resident Perivascular Macrophages Play a Key Role in the Development of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases 2023, 9, 1–11, doi:10.24966/and-9608/100062.
Hayden, M.R. Pericytes and Resident Perivascular Macrophages Play a Key Role in the Development of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases 2023, 9, 1–11, doi:10.24966/and-9608/100062.
Hayden, M.R. Pericytes and Resident Perivascular Macrophages Play a Key Role in the Development of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases 2023, 9, 1–11, doi:10.24966/and-9608/100062.
Hayden, M.R. Pericytes and Resident Perivascular Macrophages Play a Key Role in the Development of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases 2023, 9, 1–11, doi:10.24966/and-9608/100062.
Abstract
Abstract:
Pericyte(s) (Pcs) and resident perivascular macrophages (rPVMΦs) are positioned perfectly in the neurovascular unit (NVU) and perivascular spaces to facilitate metainflammation that results in brain endothelial cell activation and dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Their positions within the NVU allow intimate contact with one another as follows: Brain endothelial cells (BECs) and the Pcs via their shared basement membrane and physical contact peg-socket junctions with N cadherins and gap junctions Cx43; Pcs and rPVMΦs intimate contacts. Additionally, rPVMΦs have intimate contact with the astrocyte endfeet (ACef) that form the outermost membrane of perivascular spaces. Importantly, ACef have intimate contact with BECs that have intimate physical contact with neuronal axons and dendrites to complete NVU coupling. The multiplicity of intimate contacts of NVU cells allow for continuous crosstalk communications to provide brain homeostasis. While each of the cells of the NVU play important roles in the development of enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS), this review focuses on the Pcs and rPVMΦs and discusses each of the intimate contacts and their functional significance in detail with numerous illustrations and transition electron microscopic images to demonstrate their role in the development of EPVS. EPVS are known to be biomarkers for cerebral small vessel disease and impaired glymphatic system waste clearance. Additionally, EPVS associate with mixed dementias of vascular dementia, vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease that results in high economic and psychosocial cost to the global community.
Biology and Life Sciences, Neuroscience and Neurology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
