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Study of micro-samples from the open-air rock art site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) for assessing the performance of a desalination treatment
Costantini, I.; Aramendia, J.; Prieto-Taboada, N.; Arana, G.; Madariaga, J.M.; Ruiz, J.F. Study of Micro-Samples from the Open-Air Rock Art Site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) for Assessing the Performance of a Desalination Treatment. Molecules2023, 28, 5854.
Costantini, I.; Aramendia, J.; Prieto-Taboada, N.; Arana, G.; Madariaga, J.M.; Ruiz, J.F. Study of Micro-Samples from the Open-Air Rock Art Site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) for Assessing the Performance of a Desalination Treatment. Molecules 2023, 28, 5854.
Costantini, I.; Aramendia, J.; Prieto-Taboada, N.; Arana, G.; Madariaga, J.M.; Ruiz, J.F. Study of Micro-Samples from the Open-Air Rock Art Site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) for Assessing the Performance of a Desalination Treatment. Molecules2023, 28, 5854.
Costantini, I.; Aramendia, J.; Prieto-Taboada, N.; Arana, G.; Madariaga, J.M.; Ruiz, J.F. Study of Micro-Samples from the Open-Air Rock Art Site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) for Assessing the Performance of a Desalination Treatment. Molecules 2023, 28, 5854.
Abstract
In this work, some micro-samples belonging to the open-air rock art site of Cueva de la Vieja (Alpera, Albacete, Spain) were analysed. These samples were collected after and before a desalination treatment carried out with the aim of removing a whitish layer of concretion that affected the painted panel. The diagnostic study was performed to study the conservation state of the panel and then to confirm the effectiveness of treatment. Micro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were employed for the characterization of the degradation product as well as that of mineral substrate and pigments. The micro-samples analysis demonstrated that the painted layer was settled on a dolomitic limestone with silicon aggregates and aluminosilicates as well as iron oxides. The whitish crust was composed by sulfate compounds like gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) with minor amount of epsomite (MgSO4.7H2O). An extensive phenomenon of biological activity was demonstrated since, in almost all the samples analysed, the presence of calcium oxalates monohydrate (CaC2O4H2O) and dehydrate (CaC2O42H2O) were found. Probably the presence of both calcium oxalates had favoured the conservation of pictographs. In addition, some carotenoids pigments, scytonemin (C36H20N2O4) and astaxanthin (C40H52O4) were characterized both by Raman spectroscopy and by X-ray diffraction. Hematite was found as a pigment voluntarily used for the painting of the panels used in mix with hydroxyapatite and amorphous carbon. The results of the analyses of the samples taken after the cleaning treatment confirmed a substantial decrease in sulphate patina on the panel surface.
Keywords
Levantine rock art, µ-Raman spectroscopy, µ-EDXRF, XRD, sulfates, biodeterioration
Subject
Chemistry and Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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