Gigli, L.; Braidotti, N.; Lima, M.A.R.B.F.; Ciubotaru, C.D.; Cojoc, D. Label-Free Analysis of Urine Samples with In-Flow Digital Holographic Microscopy. Biosensors2023, 13, 789.
Gigli, L.; Braidotti, N.; Lima, M.A.R.B.F.; Ciubotaru, C.D.; Cojoc, D. Label-Free Analysis of Urine Samples with In-Flow Digital Holographic Microscopy. Biosensors 2023, 13, 789.
Gigli, L.; Braidotti, N.; Lima, M.A.R.B.F.; Ciubotaru, C.D.; Cojoc, D. Label-Free Analysis of Urine Samples with In-Flow Digital Holographic Microscopy. Biosensors2023, 13, 789.
Gigli, L.; Braidotti, N.; Lima, M.A.R.B.F.; Ciubotaru, C.D.; Cojoc, D. Label-Free Analysis of Urine Samples with In-Flow Digital Holographic Microscopy. Biosensors 2023, 13, 789.
Abstract
Urinary tract infections are among the most frequent infectious diseases and require screening of a great amount of urine samples from patients. However, a high percentage of samples results as negative after urine culture plate test (CPT), demanding a simple and fast preliminary technique to screen out the negative samples. We propose a digital holographic microscopy (DHM) method to inspect fresh urine samples flowing in a glass capillary for 3 minutes, recording holograms at 2 frames per second. After digital reconstruction, bacteria, white and red blood cells, epithelial cells and crystals were identified and counted and the samples were classified as negative or positive according to clinical cutoff values. Taking CPT as reference, we processed 180 urine samples and compared the results with those of urine flow cytometry (UFC). Using standard evaluation metrics for our screening test, we found similar performance for DHM and UFC, indicating DHM as a suitable and fast screening technique retaining several advantages. As a benefit of DHM, the technique is label-free and does not require sample preparation. Moreover, the phase and amplitude images of the cells and other particles present in urine are digitally recorded and can serve for further investigation afterwards.
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