Ludwigs, L.; Pape, C.; Visse, H.S.; Runte, C.; Meyer, U.; Dirksen, D. Cross Sectional Analysis of Eurasian Skull Anatomy for 3D Cephalometry—Normative Data Reveal Four Different Skull Types. J. Pers. Med.2023, 13, 1018.
Ludwigs, L.; Pape, C.; Visse, H.S.; Runte, C.; Meyer, U.; Dirksen, D. Cross Sectional Analysis of Eurasian Skull Anatomy for 3D Cephalometry—Normative Data Reveal Four Different Skull Types. J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 1018.
Ludwigs, L.; Pape, C.; Visse, H.S.; Runte, C.; Meyer, U.; Dirksen, D. Cross Sectional Analysis of Eurasian Skull Anatomy for 3D Cephalometry—Normative Data Reveal Four Different Skull Types. J. Pers. Med.2023, 13, 1018.
Ludwigs, L.; Pape, C.; Visse, H.S.; Runte, C.; Meyer, U.; Dirksen, D. Cross Sectional Analysis of Eurasian Skull Anatomy for 3D Cephalometry—Normative Data Reveal Four Different Skull Types. J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 1018.
Abstract
The unsolved problem in three-dimensional surgical planning for patients with facial deformity, dysgnathia, or asymmetry is the lack of a normative database of “norm skulls” that can be used as treatment objectives. A study was conducted on 90 Eurasian persons (46 male and 44 female adults) with normal and balanced facial appearance, skeletal Class I pattern, and proper interincisal relationship with normal occlusion. Cone-beam computed tomography was performed. 18 landmarks were digitized and 3D cephalometric measurements of overall facial features, skull, midface and mandible were performed and analyzed by means of proportions calculated from the landmarks. Male and female skulls were analyzed as well as subdivisions revealed by cluster analysis. The data showed that four subtypes of skulls were distinguishable with statistical significance (p< 0,05). A male and a female type subdivided in a brachiocephalic and dolichocephalic phenotype could be identified. For each type then a mean shape was calculated by a Procrustes transformation, which in turn was used to create four template skulls from a male and a female skull by means of a thin plate spline transformation. The normative data of the subtypes can individually serve as a guide for orthodontic surgery, especially helpful in 3D plan-ning and execution of craniofacial operations.
Keywords
3D cephalometry; norm skull; skull anatomy; Procrustes analysis
Subject
Medicine and Pharmacology, Dentistry and Oral Surgery
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
