Keramari, V.; Karastogianni, S.; Girousi, S. New Prospects in the Electroanalysis of Heavy Metal Ions (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu): Development and Application of Novel Electrode Surfaces. Methods Protoc.2023, 6, 60.
Keramari, V.; Karastogianni, S.; Girousi, S. New Prospects in the Electroanalysis of Heavy Metal Ions (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu): Development and Application of Novel Electrode Surfaces. Methods Protoc. 2023, 6, 60.
Keramari, V.; Karastogianni, S.; Girousi, S. New Prospects in the Electroanalysis of Heavy Metal Ions (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu): Development and Application of Novel Electrode Surfaces. Methods Protoc.2023, 6, 60.
Keramari, V.; Karastogianni, S.; Girousi, S. New Prospects in the Electroanalysis of Heavy Metal Ions (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu): Development and Application of Novel Electrode Surfaces. Methods Protoc. 2023, 6, 60.
Abstract
The detection of toxic heavy metals, especially cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), is a global problem due to ongoing pollution incidents and continuous anthropogenic and industrial activities. Therefore, it is important to develop effective detection techniques to determine the levels of contamination from heavy metals in various media. Electrochemical techniques and more specifically, voltammetry, due to its properties, is a promising method for the simultaneous detection of heavy metals. This review examines current trends related to electrode formation and analysis techniques used. In addition, there is a reference to advanced detection methods based on nanoparticles developed so far, as well as formation with bismuth and the emerging technique of screen printed electrodes. Finally, the advantages of using these methods are highlighted, while a discussion is made on the benefits arising from nanotechnology, as it gives the researcher a new idea for integrating these technologies into devices that can be used anywhere and anytime.
Keywords
heavy metals; modified electrode; electroanalysis; nanoparticles
Subject
Chemistry and Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.