Preprint Article Version 3 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Time Evolution of Energy States

Version 1 : Received: 12 May 2023 / Approved: 12 May 2023 / Online: 12 May 2023 (13:38:11 CEST)
Version 2 : Received: 23 June 2023 / Approved: 30 June 2023 / Online: 3 July 2023 (13:36:33 CEST)
Version 3 : Received: 27 October 2023 / Approved: 27 October 2023 / Online: 30 October 2023 (12:19:56 CET)
Version 4 : Received: 21 November 2023 / Approved: 22 November 2023 / Online: 23 November 2023 (16:36:39 CET)
Version 5 : Received: 11 December 2023 / Approved: 12 December 2023 / Online: 13 December 2023 (06:11:17 CET)
Version 6 : Received: 29 December 2023 / Approved: 29 December 2023 / Online: 29 December 2023 (10:37:10 CET)
Version 7 : Received: 2 April 2024 / Approved: 3 April 2024 / Online: 5 April 2024 (03:54:56 CEST)

How to cite: Oldani, R. Time Evolution of Energy States. Preprints 2023, 2023050952. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.0952.v3 Oldani, R. Time Evolution of Energy States. Preprints 2023, 2023050952. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.0952.v3

Abstract

In order to describe the time evolution of energy states we choose to abandon the Hamiltonian method of quantum mechanics, which has been the standard for over a century, in favor of the more fundamental Lagrangian method. Integral equations of motion for the absorption and emission of radiation are derived to replace the differentially motivated Schrödinger equation. This new interpretation for the time evolution of energy states is used to interpret several well-known experiments, among them Planck’s law, the electron cyclotron, and chaos theory; thereby demonstrating an improved physical model of both microscopic and macroscopic phenomena.

Keywords

non-relativistic quantum mechanics; relativistic quantum mechanics; Hamilton’s principle; energy; symmetry

Subject

Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics

Comments (1)

Comment 1
Received: 30 October 2023
Commenter: Richard Oldani
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author
Comment: This paper is version 2 of "The influence of time in theories of nature". It has a new title, abstract, and conclusion. It also has new content which includes graphical evidence.
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