Time Evolution of Energy States

Richard Oldani

doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0952.v3

Preprint Article Version 3 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Version 1 : Received: 12 May 2023 / Approved: 12 May 2023 / Online: 12 May 2023 (13:38:11 CEST)
Version 2 : Received: 23 June 2023 / Approved: 30 June 2023 / Online: 3 July 2023 (13:36:33 CEST)
Version 3 : Received: 27 October 2023 / Approved: 27 October 2023 / Online: 30 October 2023 (12:19:56 CET)
Version 4 : Received: 21 November 2023 / Approved: 22 November 2023 / Online: 23 November 2023 (16:36:39 CET)
Version 5 : Received: 11 December 2023 / Approved: 12 December 2023 / Online: 13 December 2023 (06:11:17 CET)
Version 6 : Received: 29 December 2023 / Approved: 29 December 2023 / Online: 29 December 2023 (10:37:10 CET)
Version 7 : Received: 2 April 2024 / Approved: 3 April 2024 / Online: 5 April 2024 (03:54:56 CEST)

In order to describe the time evolution of energy states we choose to abandon the Hamiltonian method of quantum mechanics, which has been the standard for over a century, in favor of the more fundamental Lagrangian method. Integral equations of motion for the absorption and emission of radiation are derived to replace the differentially motivated Schrödinger equation. This new interpretation for the time evolution of energy states is used to interpret several well-known experiments, among them Planck’s law, the electron cyclotron, and chaos theory; thereby demonstrating an improved physical model of both microscopic and macroscopic phenomena.

non-relativistic quantum mechanics; relativistic quantum mechanics; Hamilton’s principle; energy; symmetry

Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics

Comment 1

Received: 30 October 2023
Commenter: Richard Oldani
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author

Comment: This paper is version 2 of "The influence of time in theories of nature". It has a new title, abstract, and conclusion. It also has new content which includes graphical evidence.

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Time Evolution of Energy States

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