Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Production and Incorporation of Calcium Hydrolyzed Nano-particles in Alkali-Activated Mine Tailings

Yibran Perera-Mercado
* ,
Nan Zhang
,
Ahmadreza Hedayat
ORCID logo ,
Linda Figueroa
,
Esmeralda Monserrat Saucedo-Salazar
ORCID logo ,
Cara Clements
,
Héctor Gelber Bolaños Sosa
,
Néstor Tupa
,
Isaac Yanqui Morales
ORCID logo ,
Reynaldo Sabino Canahua Loza
Version 1 : Received: 25 April 2023 / Approved: 27 April 2023 / Online: 27 April 2023 (13:06:59 CEST)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Perera-Mercado, Y.; Zhang, N.; Hedayat, A.; Figueroa, L.; Saucedo-Salazar, E.; Clements, C.; Bolaños Sosa, H.G.; Tupa, N.; Morales, I.Y.; Canahua Loza, R.S. Production and Incorporation of Calcium-Hydrolyzed Nanoparticles in Alkali-Activated Mine Tailings. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 1875. Perera-Mercado, Y.; Zhang, N.; Hedayat, A.; Figueroa, L.; Saucedo-Salazar, E.; Clements, C.; Bolaños Sosa, H.G.; Tupa, N.; Morales, I.Y.; Canahua Loza, R.S. Production and Incorporation of Calcium-Hydrolyzed Nanoparticles in Alkali-Activated Mine Tailings. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 1875.

Abstract

This work presents the production and incorporation of calcium hydrolyzed nano-solutions at three concentrations (1, 2, and 3 wt.%) in alkali-activated gold mine tailings (MTs) from Arequipa, Perú. A first activator solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 10M was used. The calcium hy-drolyzed nano-solutions acted as a secondary activator and as additional calcium resource for the alkali-activated materials (AAMs) based on the low-calcium gold MTs. High-resolution trans-mission electron microscopy/energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (HR-TEM/EDS) analyses were carried out to characterize the morphology, size, and structures of the calcium hydrolyzed na-noparticles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses then were used to understand the chemical bonding interactions in the calcium hydrolyzed nanoparticles and in the AAMs. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and Quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) were performed to study the structural, chemical, and phase compositions of the AAMs; uniaxial compressive tests evaluated the compressive strength of the reacted AAMs; and Nitrogen adsorption-desorption analyses measured the porosity changes at nanostructure level in the AAMs. The results indicate that each increase in the concentration of the calcium hydrolyzed nano-solution had a direct/proportional effect on the mechanical properties of the AAMs samples. The AAMs with 3 wt.% calcium-hydrolyzed nano-solution had the highest compressive strength value of 15.16 MPa, which represented an increase of 62% compared to the original system without nanoparticles and aged under the same conditions of 70°C for seven days. These results provide useful information about the positive effect of calcium-hydrolyzed nanoparticles on gold MTs and their conversion into sustainable building materials through alkali activation.

Keywords

Sol-gel; surfactant; nanoparticles; calcium hydroxide; nano-solutions; alkali-activated materials

Subject

Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanotechnology

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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