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Submitted:
26 January 2023
Posted:
30 January 2023
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Source/Country origin | Compounds | Usage | Method of identification | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanolic leaf extract/Saudi Arabia | Acetol (0.64%), Methyl acrylate (0.50%) , Methyl acetate (0.19%) , Ethyl glycolate (0.13%) , Methyl pyruvate (0.57%), Ethyl orthoformate (1.99%) , 3-Hydroxymethylfuran (0.17%), Isopropyl isopropoxyacetate (0.36%) , Dihydroxyacetone (1.01%), Ethyl diethoxyacetate (0.23%), 1,2-Cyclopentanedione (0.32%), 5-MethyIfurfural (0.10%), (−)-β-Pinene (0.07%), 2,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (0.25%), 5-Diethoxymethyl-3-ethoxy-4,5-dihydro-isoxazole (0.12%) , Phenol (0.04%), 5-Diethoxymethyl-3-ethoxy-4,5-dihydro-isoxazole (0.14%), Glutaconic anhydride (0.09%), 2,2-Diethyl-3-methyl-1,3-oxazolidine (0.06%), D-Limonene (0.65%), 1, 8-Cineole (3.96%), 5-Hydroxyazouracil (0.17%), (+)-4-Carene (0.18%), Linalool (2.80%), 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- (0.49%), α-Terpineol (1.16%), L-α-Terpineol (1.12%), Catechol (0.49%), 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (1.62%), Linalyl formate (1.93%), Linalyl acetate (0.97%), α-Terpinyl acetate (1.02%), Pyrogallol (9.11%), Methyleugenol (0.12%), β-Caryophyllene (0.56%), α -Isomethyl ionone (0.21%), Tyrosol (0.11%), Cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde, 6-methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-2-oxo-1-(3-oxobutyl)- (0.25%), 1,1,8a-Trimethyloctahydro-2,6-naphthalenedione (27.60 %), 3-Methyl-2-butenoic acid, undec-2-enyl ester (0.81%), Phytol acetate (0.42%), Aspidinol (0.08%), L-Ascorbyl 2,6-Dipalmitate (0.66%), Phytol (0.19%) | Antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria | GC-MS | [4] |
Pulp of myrtle berries | Gallic acid; 52.2 ±0.9 mg/kg, Hydrolysable tannins; 498.0±20.5 mg/kg, Ellagic acid; 350.5 ±15.0 mg/kgFlavonols:Quercetin-3-O-galactoside 191.0 ±6.7 mg/kg, Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside 66.6 ±3.0 mg/kgAnthocyanins: Cyanidin-3-glucoside 1.8±0.2 mg/kg, Petunidin-3-glucoside 3.6±0.3 mg/kg, Peonidin-3-glucoside 13.5 ±0.3 mg/kg, Malvidin-3-glucoside 42.0 ±2.4 mg/kg | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities | HPLC 1100 system coupled with with a DAD detector UV 6000 | [68] |
Seeds of Myrtle berries | Gallic acid; 137.0 ±6.8 mg/kg, Hydrolysable tannins; 11989.8 ±205.2 mg/kg, Ellagic acid; 726.9 ±28.3 mg/kgFlavonols:Quercetin-3-O-galactoside; 104.9 ±9.3 mg/kg, Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside; 9.3 62.0 ±2.9 mg/kgAnthocyanins:Cyanidin-3-glucoside; ND, Petunidin-3-glucoside; ND, Peonidin-3-glucoside; ND, Malvidin-3-glucoside; ND | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities | HPLC 1100 system coupled with with a DAD detector UV 6000 | |
EO obtained from myrtle flowers gathered from the region of Elkef in Tunisia. | α-Pinene (35.20%), β-Pinene (0.24%), Myrcene (1.21%), Limonene (8.94%), 1,8-cineole (17.00%), Linalool (6.17%), α-Terpineol (3.86%), Myrtenol (0.42%), Linalyl acetate (0.85%), Myrtenyl acetate (1.26%), Terpenyl acetate (4.30%), Geranyl acetate (4.42%), Methyl eugenol (6.98%), Transcaryophyllene (4.04%), α-Humulene (0.48%), Carophyllene oxide (2.49), Monoterpene hydrocarbons (46.07%), Oxygenated monoterpenes (40.77%), and Sesquiterpenes (6.98%) | Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity | GC-MS | [72] Dhifi W, 2020 |
EO of M. communis leaves, Italy | Limonene (28.9%), α-Pinene (15.1%), Mirtenyl acetate (13.6%), Linalool (13.50%), Linalyl acetate (5.00%) | Anti α-amylase activity | GC-MS | [72] |
EO from arial parts of M. communis, Northern Portugal | 1.8-cineole (14.80%), β-pinene (9.40%), verbenone (9.15%), borneol (8.72%), camphor (8.13%), terpinene-4-ol (7.66%), α-pinene (6.94%), linalool (3.78%), α-terpineol (3.52%), camphene (3.12%), D-limonene (3.16%), mirtenol (2.20%), α-terpinolene (1.74%), 2.4-tujadiene (0.78%), 3-carene (0.76%), cariophyllene oxide (0.73%), nerol (0.64%), α-terpinene (0.55%), o-cimene (0.41%), thujene (0.23%), and methyl-eugenol (0.20%) | Anti L. monocytogenes activity | GC-MS | [45] |
EO of M. communis leaves, Serbia | α-Pinene (0.38%), Limonene (0.60%), 1,8-Cineole (10.27%), Linalool (3.78%), Terpinolene (1.41%), cis Verbenol (0.91%), trans Verbenol (0.95%), Camphor (1.91%), α-Terpineol (7.12%), Nerol (5.97%), Geraniol (0.63%), Linalyl acetate (3.66%), Myrtenyl acetate (7.00%), Terpinyl acetate (1.01%), Neryl acetate (3.40%), and Geranyl acetate (16.36%) | Antifungal activity against Malassezia sp. clinical isolates | GC-MS | [62] |
EO of the aerial parts of M. communis, Iran | α-Pinene (27.87%), 1,8-Cineole (20.15%), Linalool (10.26%), α-Terpineol (7.64%), Linalyl acetate (6.17%), Germanyl acetate (4.87%), α-Terpinyl acetate (4.04%), Caryophyllene oxide (1.57%), trans-Caryophyllene (1.57%), Methyl eugenol (1.48%), α-Humulene (1.35%), β –Pinene (0.88%), 4-Terpineol (0.67%), δ-3-Carene (0.63%), γ-Terpinene (0.59%), α-Thujene (0.54%), and Others (1.93%) | Antifungal activity against fluconazole resistant and sensitive C. albicans | GC-MS | [29] |
70% ethanol extract M. communis leaves, Italy. | Phenolic acids (mg/KgDW)Gallic acid (1199.3), Hydrolysable tannins (21,858.3), myricetin-3-O-galactoside (1926.4), myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (3902.9), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (104.1), quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (192.0), quercetin 3-O-galactoside (85.9), and vitexin (280.0) | Antibacterial and antifungal activity of nanofibers encapsulated with leaf extract and soaked in seed extract | HPLC coupled with DAD detector UV 6000 | [46] |
M. communis leaves, Croatia | 5-O-galloylquinic acid (7.96%), Caffeic acid (1.81%), Catechin (0.05%), Digalloylquinic acid (0.79%), Ellagic acid (0.03%), Epicatechin (0.05%), Epicatechingallate (0.02%), Luteolin (1.11%), Luteolin glucoside (2.63%), Myricetin (14.48%), Myricetin-3-O-arabinoside (0.05%), Myricetin-3-O-galactoside (33.20%), Myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (36.68%), Quercetin-3-glucoside (0.85%), Quercitrin (0.25%) | The effect of on colonic probiotic bacteria of rat and its health | UPLC-MS | [78] |
EO from M. communis leaves, Croatia | α-thujene (0.013 mg/ml), α-pinene (193.75 mg/ml), Camphene (1.08 mg/ml), β-pinene (2.35 mg/ml), Myrcene (2.68 mg/ml), α-phellandrene (1.66 mg/ml), 3-carene (0.48 mg/ml), p-cymene (3.45 mg/ml), d-limonene (69.25 mg/ml), Eucalyptol (244.6 mg/ml), Linalool (19.36 mg/ml), Terpinen-4-ol 31.62, α -terpineol (26.26 mg/ml), α -terpinyl acetate (4.53 mg/ml), Methyleugenol (9.88 mg/ml), Camphor (0.56 mg/ml), Carvone (2.14 mg/ml), Geraniol (6.21 mg/ml), Myrtenyl acetate (146.10 mg/ml), Estragole (0.013 mg/ml), Geranyl acetate (20.7 mg/ml), Myrtenol (3.92 mg/ml) | Antioxidative and antilipidemic effect in rats | GC-MS | [79] |
Flower EO of M. communis from Tunisia | α -Pinene (35.20%), β -Pinene (0.24%), Myrcene (1.21%), Limonene (8.94%), 1,8-Cineol (17.0%), Linalool (6.17%), α -Terpineol (3.86%), Myrtenol (0.42%), Acetate linalyl (0.85%), Myrtenyl acetate (1.26%), Terpenyl acetate (4.30%), Acetate geranyl (4.42%), Methyl eugenol (6.98%), Trans caryophyllene (4.04%), α -Humulene (0.48%), Caryophyllene oxide (2.49%) | Hepato protective effects of EO in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. | [66] | |
EO prepared by hydro distillation from M. communis leaves of Italy origin | 3Z- Hexenal (0.1 ± 0.0%), 2E- Hexenal (0.1 ± 0.03%), Isobutyl isobutyrate (0.1 ± 0.02%), Heptyl isobutanoate (3.2 ± 0.3%), α-Thujene (0.4 ± 0.01%), α-Pinene (14.7 ± 1.2%), Sabinene (0.3 ± 0.03%), β-Pinene (0.3 ± 0.04%), δ-3-Carene (0.3 ± 0.02%), β- Myrcene (0.1 ± 0.01%), Butyl-2-methylbutanoate (0.2 ± 0.01%), α-Terpinene (0.1 ± 0.02%), 1,8-Cineole (21.9 ± 2.3%), E-β-Ocimene (1.1 ± 0.5%), γ-Terpinene (0.4 ± 0.03%), Terpinolene (0.1 ± 0.02%), Linalool (9.1 ± 1.6%), Myrcenol (0.2 ± 0.03%), cis-p-Menth-2-n-1-ol (0.1 ± 0.02%), allo Ocimene (0.8 ± 0.04%), trans-Pinocarveol (0.1 ± 0.01%), 3E-6Z-Nonadienol (0.1 ± 0.03%), Terpinen-4-ol (0.4 ± 0.05%), α-Terpineol (2.3 ± 0.4%), Myrtenal (0.1 ± 0.04%), Myrtenol (0.8 ± 0.03%), Methyl chavicol (0.2 ± 0.05%), Fraganol (0.1 ± 0.02%), Linalool acetate (0.8 ± 0.06%), trans-Pinocarvyl acetate (0.6 ± 0.03%), Carvacrol (0.1 ± 0.02%), Myrtenyl acetate (29.8 ± 2.4%), iso-dihydro-Carveol acetate (0.3 ± 0.02%), Carvyl acetate (0.1 ± 0.03%), α-Terpinyl acetate (0.5 ± 0.04%), Citronellyl acetate (0.1 ± 0.0%), Geranyl acetate (2.6 ± 0.5%), Methyl eugenol (0.9 ± 0.02%), Z-Caryophyllene (1.3 ± 0.06%), γ-Elemene (0.1 ± 0.01%), α-Humulene (1.1 ± 0.02%), p-Menth(1,8 dien)-9-ol (0.4 ± 0.02%), Bisabolol (0.2 ± 0.0%), Thymohydro quinone (0.7 ± 0.06%), Flavesone (0.2 ± 0%), Caryophyllene oxide (0.3 ± 0.02%), Humulene epoxide II (0.3 ± 0.01%), allo-Aromadendrene epoxide (0.1 ± 0.02%), n-Octadecanol (0.5 ± 0.06%) | Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities | GC-MS | [42] |
EO of M. communis leaves encapsulated in maldodextrin, Portugal | α -pinene (11.10%), Limonene (1.63%), 1,8-Cineole (9.98%), Linalool oxide (0.38%), α -Terpinolene (0.46%), Linalool (14.92%), α -Terpineol (4.64%), Linalyl acetate (4.61%), Myrtenyl acetate (30.59%), Camphene (0.83%), Neryl acetate (0.38%), Geranyl acetate (1.62%), Methyleugenol (2.51%), α -Humulene (0.77%) | Gastroprotective activity in ethanol/HCl-induced acute gastric ulcers in Wistar rats | GC-MS | [67] |
Plant parts/Country origin | Methods of preparation | Microorganisms | Zone of inhibition (mm) | MIC | MBC/MFC | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves of Myrtus communis (Linn), Artemisia dracunculus, and Satureja khuzestanica, Iran | Polyherbal toothpaste obtained from leaf extracts | S. mutans, L. caseie, S. sanguis, S. salivarius, and C. albicans | 17-30 (L. caseie), 10-25 (C. albicans) and 15-20 for S. salivarius. | ND | ND | [39] |
Leaves of Myrtus communis, Iran | Aquatic and methanolic extracts | P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and P. intermediate. | At 50 mg/ml of methanolic extract: 16 (A. actinomycetemcomitans), 17 (P. gingivali), and 20 (P. intermediate). At 50 mg/ml of aqueous extract: 10 (P. gingivalis), 15 (A. actinomycetemcomitans), and 16 (P. intermediate) | 10 mg/ml for both the extracts | ND | [40] |
Leaves of Myrtus communis, Iran | Ethanolic extract | Twenty-six clinical isolates of MRSA | 9 – 17.6 | 1.56 – 25 mg/ml | 3.125 – 50 mg/ml | [54] |
Leaves of M. communis, Italy | Essential oil | E. coli DSM 8579, P. aeruginosa ATCC 50071, P. carotovorum DSM 102074, S. aureus DMS 25923, and L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 | ND | 6, 3, 4, 5, and 3 mg/ml, respectively. | ND | [42] |
Leaves of M. communis, Ethiopia | 80% methanol. 10 mg/ml used of zone of inhibition determination | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) | 21.83 + 0.44 | 0.80 (mg/ml) | 4.00 (mg/ml) | [43] |
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) | 13.33 + 0.33 | 0.16 mg/ml | 0.8 mg/ml | |||
Salmonella typhi (ATCC 13062) | 13.33 + 0.33 | 0.032 mg/ml | 0.8 mg/ml | |||
Shigella flexneri (ATCC 12022) | 20.83 + 0.93 | 0.16 mg/ml | 4.00 mg/ml | |||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) | 14.83 + 0.44 | 0.8 mg/ml | 4.00 mg/ml | |||
Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 29906) | 12.17 + 0.73 | 0.8 mg/ml | 4.00 mg/ml | |||
Myrtenol purchased from Merck/Sigma-Aldrich® (Darmstadt/Germany) | Purchased | Ten laboratory strains and two reference strains ATCC-25923 and ATCC-13150 of S. aureus | ND | 128 μg/ml | 128 μg/ml | [57] |
Myrtenol purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, India. | Purchased | MRSA reference strain ATCC 33591 and Three MRSA clinical strains | ND | MIC of 600 μg/ml and MBIC of 300 μg/ml | ND | [59] |
Myrtenol purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, India. | Purchased | Two reference strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, AB-ATCC19606, AB-MTCC 9829, and two clinical isolates AB-A103 and AB-A42-4 | ND | MIC 500 μg/ml for AB-ATCC19606, AB-MTCC 9829, AB-A103 and 600 μg/ml for AB-A42-4 and MBIC of 200 μg/ml for all strains. | ND | [60] |
Oenothein B isolated from myrtle seeds | Successively extracted in hexane and 70% acetone in water. | Clinical isolates from human gut C. albicans C. parapsilosis C and C. tropicalis | ND | <8 - 64 μg/ml | ND | [71] |
M. communis flowers, Tunisia | EO obtained by hydro-distillation in a Clevenger | Gram positive | [72] | |||
B. subtilis ATCC 6633 | 18 ± 0.7 | 0.10 ± 0.7 % | 0.78 ± 0.1% | |||
B. cereus ATCC 14579 | 22 ± 0.5 | 0.39 ± 0.8% | 0.78 ± 0.3% | |||
S. aureus ATCC 25923 | 20 ± 0.7 | 0.39 ± 0.4% | 1.56 ± 0.5% | |||
S. epidermis ATCC 12228 | 15 ± 0.4 | 0.19 ± 0.4% | 1.56 ± 0.2% | |||
E. faecalis ATCC29212 | 15 ± 0.5 | 0.10 ± 0.7% | 0.78 ± 0.04% | |||
L. monocytogenes ATCC19117 | 22 ± 0.4 | 0.40 ± 0.2% | 0.8 ± 0.022% | |||
Gram negative | ||||||
S.enterica ATCC 43972 | 16 ± 0.6 | 1.26 ± 0.3% | 3.12 ± 0.8% | |||
E. coli ATCC 25922 | 14 ± 0.3 | 0.78 ± 04% | 1.56 ± 0.4% | |||
P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 | 15 ± 0.5 | 1.56 ± 0.5% | 3.12 ± 0.7% | |||
Arial parts of M. communis, Northern Tunisia | EO obtained by hydro distillation in Clevenger | Listeria monocytogenes | ND | 31.25 μL/mL | [45] | |
Leaves of M. communis, Serbia | EO obtained by hydro distillation in Clevenger | M. furfur | ND | 31.25μL/mL | 62.5μL/mL | [62] |
M. sympodialis | ND | 62.5 μL/mL | 125 μL/mL | |||
M. slooffiae | ND | 31.25 μL/mL | 62.5 μL/mL | |||
M. globose | ND | 31.25 μL/mL | 350 μL/mL | |||
M. obtuse | ND | 62.5 μL/mL | 125 μL/mL | |||
M. japonica | ND | 31.25 μL/mL | 62.5 μL/mL | |||
M. restricta | ND | 125 μL/mL | 600 μL/mL | |||
Leaves of M. communis, Italy | EO by Hydrodistillation in Clevenger | Clinical isolates of candida spp. C. albicans C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis | ND | 2 μg/ml | [61] | |
Leaves of M. communis, Iran | Total extract in 80% methanol by sonication | C. albicans (ATCC 76645) Nystatin sensitive | ND | 125 μg/ml | 500 μg/ml | [80] |
C. albicans Nystatin-resistant | ND | 125 μg/ml | >1000μg/ml | |||
Methanol fraction | C. albicans (ATCC 76645) Nystatin sensitive | ND | 125 μg/ml | >1000μg/ml | ||
C. albicans Nystatin-resistant | ND | 62.5 μg/ml | >1000μg/ml | |||
Ethyl acetate fraction | C. albicans (ATCC 76645) Nystatin sensitive | ND | 250 μg/ml | >1000 | ||
C. albicans Nystatin-resistant | ND | 250 μg/ml | >1000μg/ml | |||
Chloroform fraction | C. albicans (ATCC 76645) Nystatin sensitive | ND | 62.5 μg/ml | 1000 μg/ml | ||
C. albicans Nystatin-resistant | ND | 62.5 μg/ml | 1000 μg/ml | |||
Petroleum ether fraction | C. albicans (ATCC 76645) Nystatin sensitive | ND | 125 μg/ml | 250 μg/ml | ||
C. albicans Nystatin-resistant | ND | 125 μg/ml | 250 μg/ml | |||
Aerial parts of M. communis, Iran | EO by Hydrodistillation in Clevenger | C. albicans fluconazole resistant | ND | 3200 μg/ml | 3800 μg/ml | [29] |
C. albicans fluconazole sensitive | ND | 3000 μg/ml | 3600 μg/ml |
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