Dupont, Y.L.; Greve, M.B.; Madsen, H.B.; Rasmussen, C.; Timóteo, S.; Olesen, J.M. Structure of a Metacommunity of Urban Bees: Species Diversity and Spatio-Temporal Modularity. Basic and Applied Ecology 2024, doi:10.1016/j.baae.2024.04.004.
Dupont, Y.L.; Greve, M.B.; Madsen, H.B.; Rasmussen, C.; Timóteo, S.; Olesen, J.M. Structure of a Metacommunity of Urban Bees: Species Diversity and Spatio-Temporal Modularity. Basic and Applied Ecology 2024, doi:10.1016/j.baae.2024.04.004.
Dupont, Y.L.; Greve, M.B.; Madsen, H.B.; Rasmussen, C.; Timóteo, S.; Olesen, J.M. Structure of a Metacommunity of Urban Bees: Species Diversity and Spatio-Temporal Modularity. Basic and Applied Ecology 2024, doi:10.1016/j.baae.2024.04.004.
Dupont, Y.L.; Greve, M.B.; Madsen, H.B.; Rasmussen, C.; Timóteo, S.; Olesen, J.M. Structure of a Metacommunity of Urban Bees: Species Diversity and Spatio-Temporal Modularity. Basic and Applied Ecology 2024, doi:10.1016/j.baae.2024.04.004.
Abstract
As the globe becomes more urban, the question how much natural biodiversity can subsist in cities becomes increasingly urgent to answer, and also how is urban diversity structured? To contribute to an answer, we studied the metacommunity of bees in a North European metropolitan area. The system consisted of 13 sites in the city of Aarhus, Denmark, censused from April to September during one year. Bees were sampled monthly in pan traps and a set of traits was related to their presence. In total, 40 species were collected–29 solitary species (40% of all sampled individuals), ten Bombus species (28%), and Apis mellifera (32%). Most sampled bees were soil-nesting, pollen generalists, and relatively common. Habitat diversity within a set of concentric circles with trap as centre and radius from 50 m to 1000 m was related to bee a diversity per site (total bee spp. with and without honeybee, solitary bees, and bumblebees). The relationship was only significant within the 1,000 m circle, and solitary bee diversity did not even correlate with habitat diversity at this large spatial scale level. The bee-site (space) and bee-month (time) networks were analyzed with respect to nestedness, modularity, and spatio-temporal b diversity. The two networks were weakly nested and strongly modular, being composed of five and six modules of tightly linked bees. Total b diversity, bTOTAL, is the sum of species turnover, bTURN, and species loss/gain or nestedness, bNEST; and for both space and time, bTURN was more important than bNEST. Furthermore, bTOTAL was higher than season bTOTAL. Thus, the urban bee metacommunity was well-structured in both space and time and the high bTURN indicated, that the network was strongly modular. We suggest the main reason is the high spatio-temporal patchiness of habitats, sustaining many unique species.
Biology and Life Sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
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