Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Anti-Bacterial Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles based on Orange Peel Extract

Version 1 : Received: 21 December 2022 / Approved: 23 December 2022 / Online: 23 December 2022 (02:15:06 CET)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

García, D.G.; Garzón-Romero, C.; Salazar, M.A.; Lagos, K.J.; Campaña, K.O.; Debut, A.; Vizuete, K.; Rivera, M.R.; Niebieskikwiat, D.; Benitez, M.J.; Romero, M.P. Bioinspired Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles Based on Iron Oxides Using Orange Waste and Their Application as Photo-Activated Antibacterial Agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 4770. García, D.G.; Garzón-Romero, C.; Salazar, M.A.; Lagos, K.J.; Campaña, K.O.; Debut, A.; Vizuete, K.; Rivera, M.R.; Niebieskikwiat, D.; Benitez, M.J.; Romero, M.P. Bioinspired Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles Based on Iron Oxides Using Orange Waste and Their Application as Photo-Activated Antibacterial Agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 4770.

Abstract

Magnetic nanoparticles based on iron oxides (MNPs-Fe) with magnetite or maghemite phases have been widely employed in bio-applications. Thus, they have been used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and oncological treatments through different therapies. Besides, due to the vast health problem of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, several studies have proposed MNPs-Fe as photothermal agents (PTAs) within antibacterial photothermal therapy (PTT). This work presents a quick and easy green synthesis (GS) to obtain MNPs-Fe using orange peel extract from orange waste from local commerce, which presents an environmentally friendly approach compared to traditional methods such as coprecipitation. The GS can be irradiated with microwaves to reduce the synthesis time drastically. We evaluated the weight yield of the GS and the physical-chemical and magnetic features of the synthesized MNPs-Fe. Besides their cytotoxicity in animal cell line ATCC RAW 264.7, their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus Aureus (S. Aureus) and Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) was assessed. We found that the MNPs-Fe synthesized using the GS, with 50% v/v of NH4OH and 50% v/v of orange peel extract (50GS-MNPs-Fe) had an excellent weight yield, negligible cytotoxicity for concentrations of MNPs-Fe below 250 µg·mL-1 in 24 hours, and 8 days. In the MNPs-Fe surface, we identified a coating of organic molecules (~ 25 nm) such as terpenes, aldehydes, etc. MNPs-Fe inhibited S. Aureus and 2.54 log10 (CFU) of E. Coli under red LED light irradiation (630 nm, 65.5 mW·cm-2, 30 min). Likewise, they exhibited a superparamagnetic (SPM) behavior for temperatures above 60 K, with a size of 49.3±9.6 nm and saturation magnetization (Ms) of 72.83 and 44.16 emu·g-1 at 60 and 300 K, respectively. Therefore, 50GS-MNPs-Fe are excellent candidates as broad-spectrum PTAs in antibacterial PTT, magnetic hyperthermia (MH), or MRI.

Keywords

Green synthesis, antibacterial PPT, iron oxide nanoparticles, orange peel extract, cytotoxicity, superparamagnetic behavior.

Subject

Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanotechnology

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