Preprint Article Version 3 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

# Light Speed Expanding Hubble-Hawking Universe

Version 1 : Received: 17 September 2022 / Approved: 19 September 2022 / Online: 19 September 2022 (10:34:18 CEST)
Version 2 : Received: 30 December 2022 / Approved: 4 January 2023 / Online: 4 January 2023 (12:20:26 CET)
Version 3 : Received: 11 March 2023 / Approved: 13 March 2023 / Online: 13 March 2023 (10:26:05 CET)

How to cite: Seshavatharam, U.; Lakshmanarayana, S. Light Speed Expanding Hubble-Hawking Universe. Preprints 2022, 2022090279. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202209.0279.v3. Seshavatharam, U.; Lakshmanarayana, S. Light Speed Expanding Hubble-Hawking Universe. Preprints 2022, 2022090279. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202209.0279.v3.

## Abstract

Based on four major cosmological and astrophysical coincidences, it seems possible to develop a new model of Hubble-Hawking Universe having light speed expansion. Considering the analysis of 740 super novae data, it is possible to consider a constant rate of cosmic expansion. As there is no physical reasoning for the observed speed of light and all the cosmological observations are completely based on speed of light-by considering ‘light speed expansion’ as a characteristic nature of the universe, big bang, inflation, dark energy, quintessence and lambda term like ideal and unidentified concepts can be reviewed and relinquished at fundamental level and a practical model of expanding universe can be developed with ease and clarity. In this context, we would like to emphasize the point that, traditional definition of cosmic red shift is absolutely wrong. In terms of energy of photon, true cosmic red shift must be defined as - ratio of loss of energy in photon to the energy of photon at galaxy. We encourage the reader to see Figure 1 and Table 1 pertaining to light travel distances prepared with $\left(\frac{z}{1+z}\right)\left(\frac{c}{H_0}\right)\cong z_{new}\left(\frac{c}{H_0}\right)$. For data comparison, readers are encouraged to visit https://cosmocalc.icrar.org/ and http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/cosmodis.c. It may be noted that, considering 200 million solar masses as a cut off for ordinary gravity, dark matter can be considered as an effect of power law based super gravity of galactic baryonic mass. It is well believed that, Hawking’s findings about black holes are the most important contributions to physics in recent decades. Hence, we appeal the science community to recommend our Hubble-Hawking model for further research and study.

## Keywords

Hubble-Hawking model; Light speed expansion; Black hole universe; Power law super gravity of baryonic mass; 200 million solar masses

## Subject

PHYSICAL SCIENCES, Astronomy & Astrophysics

Comment 1
Commenter: Satya Seshavatharam U.V
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author
Comment: We would like to emphasize the point that, traditional definition of cosmic red shift is absolutely wrong. In terms of energy of photon, true cosmic red shift must be defined as - ratio of loss of energy in photon to the energy of photon at galaxy.
Based on this definition,
1) Change in abstract.
2) New keyword
3) Chnage in section-5
+ Respond to this comment

Views 0