preprints.org > physical sciences > astronomy and astrophysics > doi: 10.20944/preprints202209.0279.v2

Preprint Article Version 2 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Version 1 : Received: 17 September 2022 / Approved: 19 September 2022 / Online: 19 September 2022 (10:34:18 CEST)
Version 2 : Received: 30 December 2022 / Approved: 4 January 2023 / Online: 4 January 2023 (12:20:26 CET)
Version 3 : Received: 11 March 2023 / Approved: 13 March 2023 / Online: 13 March 2023 (10:26:05 CET)

Based on four major cosmological and astrophysical coincidences, it seems possible to develop a new model of Hubble-Hawking Universe having light speed expansion. First Coincidence is - distance travelled by light in 14 billion years seems to equal to the currently believed cosmic Hubble radius. Second Coincidence is - Product of currently believed cosmic critical density and cosmic Hubble volume seems to be equal to the black hole mass of the current Hubble universe. Third Coincidence is - Currently believed cosmic temperature seems to be equal to the geometric mean of Hawking temperature of Planck mass and Hawking temperature of current Hubble mass. Fourth coincidence is - single big bang having evolution that resembles a light speed growing Planck mass. Considering the analysis of 740 super novae data, it is possible to consider a constant rate of cosmic expansion. As there is no physical reasoning for the observed speed of light and all the cosmological observations are completely based on speed of light-by considering ‘light speed expansion’ concept as a characteristic nature of the universe, big bang, inflation, dark energy, quintessence and lambda term like ideal and unidentified concepts can be reviewed and relinquished at fundamental level and a practical model of expanding universe can be developed with ease and clarity. In this context, we encourage the reader to see Figure 1 pertaining to light travel distances prepared with . For a comparison, readers are encouraged to visit https://cosmocalc.icrar.org/ and http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/cosmodis.c. It may be noted that, considering 200 million solar masses as a cut off for ordinary gravity, dark matter can be considered as an effect of power law based super gravity of galactic baryonic mass. It is well believed that, Hawking’s findings about black holes are the most important contributions to physics in recent decades. Hence, we appeal the science community to recommend our Hubble-Hawking model for further research and study.

Hubble-Hawking model; Light speed expansion; Black hole universe; Power law super gravity of baryonic mass; 200 million solar masses

Physical Sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics

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