Version 1
: Received: 30 July 2022 / Approved: 2 August 2022 / Online: 2 August 2022 (07:50:03 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 11 January 2023 / Approved: 12 January 2023 / Online: 12 January 2023 (02:36:30 CET)
Mawad, R., Madbouly, H., & Mahdy, E. (2022). Solar activity cycles recur epidemic and pandemic viruses: Space weather’s alerts. Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science, 33(Issue 2-B), 71-83. doi: 10.21608/absb.2022.149409.1197
Mawad, R., Madbouly, H., & Mahdy, E. (2022). Solar activity cycles recur epidemic and pandemic viruses: Space weather’s alerts. Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science, 33(Issue 2-B), 71-83. doi: 10.21608/absb.2022.149409.1197
Mawad, R., Madbouly, H., & Mahdy, E. (2022). Solar activity cycles recur epidemic and pandemic viruses: Space weather’s alerts. Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science, 33(Issue 2-B), 71-83. doi: 10.21608/absb.2022.149409.1197
Mawad, R., Madbouly, H., & Mahdy, E. (2022). Solar activity cycles recur epidemic and pandemic viruses: Space weather’s alerts. Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science, 33(Issue 2-B), 71-83. doi: 10.21608/absb.2022.149409.1197
Abstract
This paper studies pandemic viruses that spread during the period (1759–2020) according to solar activity cycles. Our findings and results include the following: (1) The severity of a pandemic correlates negatively with the strength of solar activity; (2) Pandemic viruses are classified into three types based on their compatibility with solar activity associations. Most of them spread through the quiet Sun, where viruses survive better in cold and rainy weather, and in stable geomagnetic fields without strong disturbances; (3) The emergence of new strains of influenza viruses was manifested in two ways. First, the annual epidemics due to antigenic drift. Second, pandemics recur every 1–12 solar cycles (about 11–120 years) due to viral reassortment of new subtypes, which results in antigenic shifts; (4) Pandemic viruses have two groups according to their recurring period: first, recurring in nine solar cycles; second, recurring in twelve solar cycles. Furthermore, we reassort pandemic viruses from their previous spread in the same periodic classification. Moreover, we derive a periodicity formula for each subtype of the pandemic virus as a spread date.
Keywords
Space weather; Solar terrestrial connection; Climate change; Solar cycle; Environment; Epidemiology
Subject
Physical Sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Commenter: Ramy Mawad
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author