Version 1
: Received: 5 July 2022 / Approved: 7 July 2022 / Online: 7 July 2022 (09:23:27 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 14 July 2022 / Approved: 15 July 2022 / Online: 15 July 2022 (12:09:47 CEST)
Version 3
: Received: 17 July 2022 / Approved: 18 July 2022 / Online: 18 July 2022 (10:23:23 CEST)
Version 4
: Received: 17 August 2022 / Approved: 19 August 2022 / Online: 19 August 2022 (04:35:00 CEST)
Version 5
: Received: 5 March 2023 / Approved: 6 March 2023 / Online: 6 March 2023 (16:14:30 CET)
Version 6
: Received: 15 December 2023 / Approved: 15 December 2023 / Online: 18 December 2023 (06:27:08 CET)
How to cite:
Ladhani, A. The Cyclic Universe, the Big Bang Was Not the Beginning, but a Repeating Pattern of Expansion and Contraction of the Space-Time. Preprints2022, 2022070121. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0121.v5
Ladhani, A. The Cyclic Universe, the Big Bang Was Not the Beginning, but a Repeating Pattern of Expansion and Contraction of the Space-Time. Preprints 2022, 2022070121. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0121.v5
Ladhani, A. The Cyclic Universe, the Big Bang Was Not the Beginning, but a Repeating Pattern of Expansion and Contraction of the Space-Time. Preprints2022, 2022070121. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0121.v5
APA Style
Ladhani, A. (2023). The Cyclic Universe, the Big Bang Was Not the Beginning, but a Repeating Pattern of Expansion and Contraction of the Space-Time. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0121.v5
Chicago/Turabian Style
Ladhani, A. 2023 "The Cyclic Universe, the Big Bang Was Not the Beginning, but a Repeating Pattern of Expansion and Contraction of the Space-Time" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0121.v5
Abstract
The cyclic universe theory is a model of cosmic evolution according to which the universe undergoes endless cycles of expansion and cooling, each beginning with a “big bang” and ending in a “big crunch”. In this paper we propose a unique property of Space-time, this particular and marvelous nature of space shows us that space can stretch, expand, and shrink. This property of space is caused the size of the Universe changed over time: growing or shrinking. The observed accelerated expansion, which relates the stretching of Shrunk space for the new theory, is derived. This theory is based on three underlying notions: First, the big bang is not the beginning of space or time, but rather at the very beginning fraction of a second there was an infinite pressure of infinite Shrunk space in the cosmic singularity, that pressure gave rise to the big bang, and caused the rapidly growing of space, and all other forms of energy are transformed into new matter and radiation and a new period of expansion and cooling begins. Second, there was a previous phase leading up to it, with multiple cycles of contraction and expansion that repeat indefinitely. Third, the two principal long range forces are the gravitational force and the pressure of shrink space. They are the two most fundamental quantities in the universe that govern cosmic evolution. They may provide the clockwork mechanism that operates our eternal cyclic universe. The universe will not continue to expand forever, no need however, for dark energy and dark matter. This new model of Space-time and its unique properties enables us to describe a sequence of events from the Big Bang to the Big Crunch.
Keywords
The Cyclic Universe; Big Bang and Big Crunch; Cosmology; Gravitational force; Dark Energy; Dark Matter
Subject
Physical Sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received:
6 March 2023
Commenter:
Amrit Ladhani
Commenter's Conflict of Interests:
Author
Comment:
In this model we proposed that dark matter and dark energy may not exist, and suggests an alternative explanation for Dark Energy and Dark Matter. However Dark Matter and Dark Energy is one of the most important mysteries in the modern day of astronomy.
Commenter: Amrit Ladhani
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author