Vertical Boundary Mixing Events during Stratification Govern Heat and Nutrient Dynamics in Windy Tropical Lakes with High Water-Level Fluctuations: A Long-Term (2001-2018) Study

Martín Merino Ibarra; Jorge A. Ramírez-Zierold; Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo; Fermin S. Castillo-Sandoval; Andrea P. Guzmán-Arias; Mariel Barjau-Aguilar; Emiliano Monroy-Ríos; Luz M. López- Gómez; Arantxa Sacristán-Ramírez; José G. Quintanilla-Terminel; Roberto González–De Zayas; Jorge Jimenez-Contreras; María E. Valeriano-Rivero; Gloria Vilaclara-Fatjó; Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo

doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0721.v2

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preprints.org > environmental and earth sciences > environmental science > doi: 10.20944/preprints202105.0721.v2

Preprint Article Version 2 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Vertical Boundary Mixing Events during Stratification Govern Heat and Nutrient Dynamics in Windy Tropical Lakes with High Water-Level Fluctuations: A Long-Term (2001-2018) Study

Martín Merino Ibarra

^* ,

Jorge A. Ramírez-Zierold

Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo

Fermin S. Castillo-Sandoval

Andrea P. Guzmán-Arias

Mariel Barjau-Aguilar

Emiliano Monroy-Ríos

Luz M. López- Gómez

Arantxa Sacristán-Ramírez

José G. Quintanilla-Terminel

Roberto González–De Zayas

Jorge Jimenez-Contreras

María E. Valeriano-Rivero

Gloria Vilaclara-Fatjó

Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo

Version 1 : Received: 30 May 2021 / Approved: 31 May 2021 / Online: 31 May 2021 (09:30:13 CEST)
Version 2 : Received: 11 August 2021 / Approved: 12 August 2021 / Online: 12 August 2021 (15:58:52 CEST)
Version 3 : Received: 27 October 2021 / Approved: 28 October 2021 / Online: 28 October 2021 (16:12:32 CEST)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Merino-Ibarra, M.; Ramírez-Zierold, J.A.; Valdespino-Castillo, P.M.; Castillo-Sandoval, F.S.; Guzmán-Arias, A.P.; Barjau-Aguilar, M.; Monroy-Ríos, E.; López-Gómez, L.M.; Sacristán-Ramírez, A.; Quintanilla-Terminel, J.G.; Zayas, R.G.-D.; Jimenez-Contreras, J.; Valeriano-Riveros, M.E.; Vilaclara-Fatjó, G.; Sánchez-Carrillo, S. Vertical Boundary Mixing Events during Stratification Govern Heat and Nutrient Dynamics in a Windy Tropical Reservoir Lake with Important Water-Level Fluctuations: A Long-Term (2001–2021) Study. Water 2021, 13, 3011. Merino-Ibarra, M.; Ramírez-Zierold, J.A.; Valdespino-Castillo, P.M.; Castillo-Sandoval, F.S.; Guzmán-Arias, A.P.; Barjau-Aguilar, M.; Monroy-Ríos, E.; López-Gómez, L.M.; Sacristán-Ramírez, A.; Quintanilla-Terminel, J.G.; Zayas, R.G.-D.; Jimenez-Contreras, J.; Valeriano-Riveros, M.E.; Vilaclara-Fatjó, G.; Sánchez-Carrillo, S. Vertical Boundary Mixing Events during Stratification Govern Heat and Nutrient Dynamics in a Windy Tropical Reservoir Lake with Important Water-Level Fluctuations: A Long-Term (2001–2021) Study. Water 2021, 13, 3011.

Abstract

Physical processes play important roles in controlling eutrophication and oligotrophication. In stratified lakes, internal waves can cause vertical transport of heat and nutrients without breaking the stratification, through boundary mixing events. Such is the case in tropical Valle de Bravo (VB) lake, where strong diurnal winds drive internal waves, boundary mixing and hypolimnetic warming during stratification periods. We monitored VB during 18 years (2001-2018) when important water-level fluctuations (WLF) occurred, affecting mixing and nutrient flux. Mean hypolimnetic temperature increase (0.06–1.04°C month-1) occurred in all the stratifications monitored. We analyzed temperature distributions and modeled the hypolimnion heat budget to assess vertical mixing between layers (26,618–140,526 m-3h-1), vertical diffusivity coefficient KZ (6.2x10-7–3.3x10-6 m2s-1) and vertical nutrient entrainment to epilimnion on monthly scale. Stability also varied as a function of WLF. Nutrient flux to the epilimnion ranged 0.36–5.99 mg m-2d-1 for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and 5.8–97.1 mg m-2d-1 for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). During low water-level years, vertical nutrient fluxes increase and can account for up to >40% of the total external nutrients load to the lake. Vertical mixing changes related to WLF affect nutrient recycling, their flux to sediments, ecosystemic metabolic balance and planktonic composition of VB.

Keywords

eutrophication; water management; hypolimnetic warming; boundary mixing; mixing events; internal waves; long-term series; Valle de Bravo; biogeochemistry; nutrient flux

Subject

Environmental and Earth Sciences, Environmental Science

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Comment 1

Received: 12 August 2021
Commenter: Martín Merino-Ibarra
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author

Comment: manuscript thoroughly revised

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