Version 1
: Received: 21 December 2019 / Approved: 21 December 2019 / Online: 21 December 2019 (12:31:05 CET)
Version 2
: Received: 26 January 2021 / Approved: 29 January 2021 / Online: 29 January 2021 (15:28:06 CET)
Version 3
: Received: 19 September 2022 / Approved: 20 September 2022 / Online: 20 September 2022 (10:27:39 CEST)
How to cite:
Wang, X. A Theoretical Calculation of the Cosmological Constant Based on a Mechanical Model of Vacuum. Preprints2019, 2019120287. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201912.0287.v3
Wang, X. A Theoretical Calculation of the Cosmological Constant Based on a Mechanical Model of Vacuum. Preprints 2019, 2019120287. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201912.0287.v3
Wang, X. A Theoretical Calculation of the Cosmological Constant Based on a Mechanical Model of Vacuum. Preprints2019, 2019120287. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201912.0287.v3
APA Style
Wang, X. (2022). A Theoretical Calculation of the Cosmological Constant Based on a Mechanical Model of Vacuum. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201912.0287.v3
Chicago/Turabian Style
Wang, X. 2022 "A Theoretical Calculation of the Cosmological Constant Based on a Mechanical Model of Vacuum" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201912.0287.v3
Abstract
Lord Kelvin believed that the electromagnetic aether must also generate gravity. Presently, we have no methods to determine the density of the electromagnetic aether, or we say the $\Omega(1)$ substratum. Thus, we also suppose that vacuum is filled with another kind of continuously distributed substance, which may be called the $\Omega(2)$ substratum. Based on a theorem of V. Fock on the mass tensor of a fluid, the contravariant energy-momentum tensors of the $\Omega(1)$ and $\Omega(2)$ substrata are established. Quasi-static solutions of the gravitational field equations in vacuum are obtained. Based on an assumption, relationships between the contravariant energy-momentum tensors of the $\Omega(1)$ and $\Omega(2)$ substrata and the contravariant metric tensor are obtained. Thus, the cosmological constant is calculated theoretically. The $\Omega(1)$ and $\Omega(2)$ substrata may be a possible candidate of the dark energy. According to the theory of vacuum mechanics, only those energy-momentum tensors of discrete or continuously distributed sinks in the $\Omega(0)$ substratum are permitted to act as the source terms in the generalized Einstein's equations. Thus, the zero-point energy of electromagnetic fields is not qualified for a source term in the generalized Einstein's equations. Some people believed that all kinds of energies should act as source terms in the Einstein's equations. It may be this unwarranted belief that leads to the cosmological constant problem. The mass density of the $\Omega(1)$ and $\Omega(2)$ substrata is equivalent to that of around $3$ protons contained in a box with a volume of $1$ cubic metre.
Keywords
cosmological constant; dark energy; general relativity; electromagnetic aether; vacuum mechanics
Subject
Physical Sciences, Thermodynamics
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received:
20 September 2022
Commenter:
Xiao-Song Wang
Commenter's Conflict of Interests:
Author
Comment:
1. Abstract is revised. 2. The first section "Introduction" is revised. 3. Section 2 is revised. 4. Section 7 is revised. 5. Section 9 is revised. 6. Section 10 is revised. 7. Section 11 is revised. 8. An appebdix is added.
Commenter: Xiao-Song Wang
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author
2. The first section "Introduction" is revised.
3. Section 2 is revised.
4. Section 7 is revised.
5. Section 9 is revised.
6. Section 10 is revised.
7. Section 11 is revised.
8. An appebdix is added.