Review
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Unanswered Questions Regarding Sex and BMP/TGF-β Signaling
Version 1
: Received: 11 May 2018 / Approved: 11 May 2018 / Online: 11 May 2018 (09:49:48 CEST)
A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.
Shah, T.A.; Rogers, M.B. Unanswered Questions Regarding Sex and BMP/TGF-β Signaling. J. Dev. Biol. 2018, 6, 14. Shah, T.A.; Rogers, M.B. Unanswered Questions Regarding Sex and BMP/TGF-β Signaling. J. Dev. Biol. 2018, 6, 14.
Abstract
Crosstalk between the BMP and TGF-β signaling pathways regulates many complex developmental processes from the earliest stages of embryogenesis throughout adult life. In many situations, the two signaling pathways act reciprocally. For example, TGF-β signaling is generally pro-fibrotic whereas BMP signaling is anti-fibrotic and pro-calcific. Sex-specific differences occur in many diseases including cardiovascular pathologies. Differing ratios of fibrosis and calcification in stenotic valves suggests that BMP/TGF-β signaling may vary in men and women. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the interplay between sex and BMP/TGF-β signaling and pose several unanswered questions.
Keywords
BMP; TGF-β; signaling; sex; chromosomes; XIST; genomic imprinting; hormones; fibrosis
Subject
Biology and Life Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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