Abstract: We are witnessing a fundamental shift in the global economic landscape. The traditional extractive capitalism model—characterized by short-term profit maximization, financial speculation, and unchecked resource depletion—has led to market failures, wealth inequality, and environmental degradation (Piketty, 2014; Stiglitz, 2019) [1,2]. While ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) frameworks and impact investing have emerged as corrective measures, their effectiveness has been severely undermined by greenwashing, misallocated capital, and short-term financial engineering (Financial Times, 2023; UNDP, 2022) [3,4]. This paper presents Ecosystem Economics of Mutuality (EEoM)—a paradigm shift beyond sustainability, redefining economic ecosystems to ensure capital continuously circulates within financial, industrial, and social networks. EEoM is a multi-capital economic model that aligns financial, social, human, natural, and trust capital in economic decision-making, surpassing traditional ESG and impact investing frameworks (Raworth, 2017; MacArthur, 2015) [5,6]. At the heart of this transformation is Mangroves Mutuality, a structured investment vehicle that applies EEoM principles at scale. Unlike conventional impact funds that lack reinvestment accountability, Mangroves Mutuality ensures investments actively regenerate industries, supply chains, and communities—rather than merely sustaining them (Greening the Blue Ocean, 2024) [7]. Key Contributions of EEoM in this Study: ✔ Capital Reinvestment Cycles—Shifting from wealth extraction to regenerative capital flows that sustain long-term economic resilience.✔ AI-Powered Governance—Leveraging blockchain-based transparency to eliminate ESG fund misallocation and prevent greenwashing (Blockchain Research Institute, 2023) [8].✔ Scalability and Policy Integration—Proposing public-private investment models that enable EEoM to scale across global financial markets, with Singapore as the launchpad (Building ASEAN’s Regenerative Economy, 2024) [9]. Using case study analysis, policy review, and AI-driven financial modeling, this study demonstrates how EEoM can:✅ Reduce ESG fund misallocation by at least 50%, ensuring capital is reinvested into verifiable regenerative systems (Financial Times, 2023) [10]. ✅ Enhance multi-capital returns, delivering 18-30% higher ROI compared to conventional ESG funds (WEF, 2023) [11]. ✅ Enable systemic economic transformation, ensuring long-term alignment with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (UNDP, 2022) [12]. This paper serves as a strategic blueprint for policymakers, investors, and businesses—providing a funding model and investment thesis for capital markets seeking beyond-sustainability financial instruments.

Abstract: This study investigates the dynamics of collaborative innovation among Norwegian firms, focusing on the configurations of innovation activities, collaborative relationships, and technology investments that drive value capture. Addressing the challenges and opportunities within Norway's unique economic context, the research examines how different types of collaborative partnerships impact firm innovation performance. Utilizing data from the Innovation Norway Business Survey (2018-2022), a mixed-methods approach combining descriptive statistics and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) was employed. The descriptive analysis revealed significant variance in innovation adoption among firms, while fsQCA identified key configurations associated with high value capture. Results indicate that selective collaboration, particularly when coupled with process innovation and strategic technology investments, outperforms pure strategies. The study highlights the importance of aligning collaborative initiatives with digital capabilities and adapting to specific regional conditions. These findings offer actionable insights for Norwegian firms and policymakers seeking to foster a resilient innovation ecosystem. They contribute to a more nuanced understanding of effective collaborative innovation strategies, emphasizing the context-specific nature of successful value capture in the digital age. They extend previous understanding by showing the importance of innovation, technology and relationships.

Abstract: In recent years, the significance of social capital in brand management has gained increasing attention, particularly within the context of sports organizations in Iran. This study aims to explore innovative strategies for integrating social approaches into brand management to enhance social capital effectively. Utilizing a mixed-methods research design, the study was conducted in two phases: a qualitative phase involving interviews with 15 experts in sports branding and a quantitative phase surveying 326 postgraduate students specializing in sports management across various universities in Iran. The qualitative data were analyzed through thematic coding to develop a standardized questionnaire, which was then administered to the quantitative sample. Statistical analyses, including Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), were employed to validate the proposed model. The results indicated significant relationships between brand knowledge, brand satisfaction, brand loyalty, and community engagement, highlighting the critical role of trust and shared values in fostering social capital.Notably, 78% of respondents reported that brands demonstrating social responsibility positively influenced their purchasing decisions and community involvement. This finding underscores the potential of socially-oriented branding strategies to enhance consumer loyalty and brand advocacy. Furthermore, the study reveals that a well-structured brand community can serve as an effective mechanism for building social capital, thereby improving organizational performance and community well-being.This research contributes valuable insights into the interplay between brand management and social capital within the Iranian context, emphasizing the necessity for brands to adopt strategies that prioritize community engagement and social responsibility. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to assess the sustained impact of these strategies on consumer behavior and community dynamics.

Abstract: The paper examines nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from an Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) standpoint with a combination of econometric and machine learning specifications to uncover global trends and policy implications. Results show the overwhelming effect of ESG factors on emissions, with intricate interdependencies between economic growth, resource productivity, and environmental policy. Econometric specifications identify forest degradation, energy intensity, and income inequality as the most significant determinants of N₂O emissions, which are in need of policy attention. Machine learning enhances predictive power insofar as emission drivers and country-specific trends are identifiable. Through the integration of panel data techniques and state-of-the-art clustering algorithms, the paper generates a highly differentiated picture of emission trends, separating country groups by ESG performance. The findings of the study are that while developed nations have better energy efficiency and environmental governance, they remain significant contributors to N₂O emissions due to intensive industry and agriculture. Meanwhile, developing economies with energy intensity have structural impediments to emissions mitigation. The paper also identifies the contribution of regulatory quality in emission abatement in that the quality of governance is found to be linked with better environmental performance. ESG-based finance instruments, such as green bonds and impact investing, also promote sustainable economic transition. The findings have the further implications of additional arguments for mainstreaming sustainability in economic planning, developing ESG frameworks to underpin climate targets.

Abstract: This study adopts the affine term structure three-factor models outlined by \cite{dai2000specification}, aiming to analyse South African (SA) government bond yields across various maturities. The primary objective is to evaluate whether these models offer robust pricing capabilities—being both admissible and flexible—while capturing the conditional correlations and volatilities of yield factors specific to SA bond yields. For a model to be considered admissible, it must also demonstrate economic identification and maximal flexibility. We thus investigate the short-, medium-, and long-term dynamics of bond yields concurrently. Model estimation involves deriving joint conditional densities through the inversion of the Fourier transform applied to the characteristic function of the state variables. This enables the use of maximum likelihood estimation as an efficient method. We assume that the market prices of risk are proportional to the volatilities of the state variables. The analysis reveals negative correlations between factors. Among the models tested, the $A_1(3)$ model outperforms the $A_2(3)$ model in terms of fit, both in-sample and out-of-sample.

Abstract: This study explored the advantages and challenges of the dual-class share structure in initial public offerings (IPO). It used Alibaba’s 2014 IPO as a key case study. Alibaba benefited from this structure in multiple ways. It enabled long-term strategic decision-making by insulating management from short-term market pressures, preserved the company’s founder-driven culture to maintain its entrepreneurial vision, attracted patient investors aligned with its growth strategy, and protected against hostile takeovers. These advantages contributed to Alibaba’s sustained innovation and market leadership. However, challenges associated with the dual-class share structure were observed in other companies. Key concerns included excessive managerial entrenchment, which limited shareholder influence, increased agency costs due to the separation of voting rights from financial ownership, and reduced transparency in corporate governance. Additionally, controlling minority structures amplified governance risks, allowing insiders to wield significant control despite holding a minimal economic stake, leading to potential conflicts of interest. While the dual-class share structure provided strategic advantages, its risks highlighted the need for investor protection and regulatory oversight. Potential reforms, such as sunset provisions, increased transparency, and stricter board independence, could have helped balance founder control with shareholder interests. Our study contributed to the ongoing debate on corporate governance by assessing the tradeoffs between long-term strategic autonomy and investor accountability.

Abstract: This research examines the influence of integrated marketing strategies (IMS) on supply chain efficiency inside retail enterprises. As retail firms endeavor to satisfy escalating consumer expectations and enhance operational procedures, the alignment of marketing strategies with supply chain activities has emerged as a key success element. The study examines how the amalgamation of these two domains promotes decision-making, elevates customer happiness, and propels overall corporate success. The research used a qualitative methodology to examine interviews with key stakeholders from retail enterprises, concentrating on the collaboration between their marketing and supply chain activities to optimize operations. Research indicates that optimal collaboration between marketing and supply chain divisions enhances product availability, ensures timely delivery, and minimizes inefficiencies. Moreover, technology integration, including predictive analytics and cloud-based systems, was seen as a crucial facilitator, offering real-time data for enhanced forecasting and inventory management. The paper also emphasizes problems such resource limitations, technical obstacles, and organizational opposition that may impede the effective adoption of IMS. The study underscores that robust leadership, explicit communication, and a collaborative culture may surmount these challenges. The research concludes that integrated marketing tactics are vital for optimizing supply chain efficiency, augmenting consumer happiness, and securing a competitive edge in the retail sector. Retail enterprises that engage in the integration of these services will be more adept at addressing the requirements of a swiftly changing market.

Abstract: This study models sustainable food consumption behaviour (FCB) using an integrated framework combining Social-Ecological Systems (SES) theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Study addresses critical gaps in understanding of FCB by incorporating Consumer Psychological Resilience (CPR) and Consumer Psychological Adaptability (CPA). Study synthesises insights form 144 peer-reviewed articles through a systematic narrative literature review using SCOPUS and Google Scholar databases. Findings reveal resilience maintains sustainable practices under adversity, while adaptability fosters flexibility in dynamic environments. This dual focus helped the study to bridge macro-level ecological insights with individual level psychological factors, hence extending the TPB’s predictive power to address external barriers in sustainable consumption behaviour. The study provides actionable insights for fostering resilience and adaptability, supporting scalable sustainable initiatives. The study operationalizes resilience and adaptability at the individual level through SES and TPB integration. Therefore, the research lays the groundwork for future empirical validation across diverse cultural and economic contexts.

Abstract: This paper explores the effectiveness of an innovative risk scoring FinTech model to predict the risk appropriate return of short-term credit sales. The risk score serves to mitigate the information asymmetry between the seller of receivables (“Seller”) and the purchaser (“Funder”), at the same time provides opportunity to the Funder to earn returns as well as diversify their portfolio on a risk appropriate basis. Selling receivables/credit to potential Funders at a discount helps Sellers maintain their short-term financial stability and provide the necessary cashflow for operations and other immediate financial needs. We use 18,304 short-term credit sales transactions between April 23, 2020, and September 30, 2022, from a private FinTech startup, and its Sustainability, Underwriting, Risk, & Financial (SURF) risk-scoring system to analyze the risk return relationship. The data includes risk scores for both Sellers of receivables (e.g., invoices) along with the Obligors (firms purchasing goods and services from the Seller) on these receivables, and provides, as outputs, the mutual gains by the Sellers and the financial institutions or other investors funding the receivables. Our analysis shows that the SURF score is instrumental in mitigating the information asymmetry between the Sellers and the Funders and provides risk appropriate periodic returns to the Funders across industries. A comparative analysis shows that the use of SURF technology generates higher risk appropriate annual internal rate of returns (IRR) as compared to nonuse of the SURF scoring system in these transactions. While Sellers and Funders enter in a win-win relationship (in the absence of a default), generally Sellers of credit are not often scored based on the potential diversification by industry classification. Crowdz’s SURF technology does so and provides the Funders with diversification opportunities with numerous invoices of differing amounts and SURF scores in a wide range of industries. The analysis also shows that Sellers generally have lower financing stability compared to the Obligors (payers on receivables), a fact captured in the SURF scores.

Abstract: This study investigated how factors such as ownership structure, organizational maturity, corporate governance, and gender diversity influence the sustainability performance of Brazilian companies, as measured by the Corporate Sustainability Index (ISE). It is justified by the gap in integrated research in emerging contexts and the need to understand mechanisms that mitigate structural challenges. The objective was to analyze the interaction of these elements using quantitative methods (Probit and Logit regressions) on secondary data from 564 companies listed on the Brazilian stock exchange (B3) between 2015 and 2022. Results showed that higher foreign participation and organizational maturity are negatively correlated with sustainability, aligning with Agency Theory, which highlights the prioritization of immediate returns. In contrast, inclusive governance (independent members and expanded boards) and gender diversity positively impacted performance, supporting Stakeholder and Critical Mass Theories. However, CEO duality did not prove statistically significant. The contributions are theoretical and practical: they reinforce models that integrate sustainability barriers and facilitators and underscore the need for policies that prioritize diverse boards to mitigate risks in traditional structures. In summary, the research demonstrates that diversity and inclusive governance are essential to overcoming challenges and informing multidisciplinary strategies and public policies.

Abstract: This study examines the economic impact of Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) on banana cultivation costs in Ecuador. Comparative analysis of data from 150 FPC members and 150 non-members reveals that collective action through FPCs significantly reduces cultivation costs across multiple input categories. FPC members experienced statistically significant reductions in human labour (-10.53%), machine labour (-36.84%), fertilisers (-19.19%), and plant protection chemicals (-19.13%), resulting in an overall cost reduction of 13.87%. Concurrently, FPC members achieved 18.28% higher yields (11 tonnes/acre versus 9.3 tonnes/acre), which translated to 26.73% higher gross returns and 77.36% higher net returns compared to non-members. These benefits stem from bulk procurement advantages, resource-sharing mechanisms, and technical advisory services facilitated through the FPC structure. The findings demonstrate that FPCs effectively address the structural challenges faced by smallholders through economies of scale and enhanced bargaining power, presenting a viable pathway for improving profitability and sustainability in Latin American banana cultivation. This research contributes quantifiable evidence to support the promotion of farmer collectives as an effective intervention for rural economic development and agricultural policy reform.

Abstract: Femvertising is increasingly being used by brands to showcase their values and attract consumers, especially in the fashion industry. Previous studies mainly focused on its impact on female consumers, while the perceptions and responses of male consumers are usually ignored. Focusing on the context of men purchasing women’s clothing as gifts, this study explored the impact of femvertising on male consumers’ gift purchasing intention, and examined the mediating role of perceived female empowerment and the moderating role of gift recipients. A situational experiment was conducted to acquire data, and hypotheses were tested with regression analysis and bootstrapping method. The results demonstrated that the overall effect of femvertising on male consumers’ gift purchasing intention is not significant, but there is a significant and positive mediating effect of perceived female empowerment in it, and the mediating effect is stronger for a communal relationship (versus exchange relationship).

Abstract: This study examined the influence of inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) on innovative entrepreneurship across 30 Chinese provinces and three regions (eastern, central and western). Using nine years of panel data (2010-2018) and a fixed-effects model, we demonstrate that economic institution is a pivotal link connecting IFDI and innovative entrepreneurship. Our findings reveal that marketization exerts a significant partial mediating effect in eastern China, but this mediating role is not evident in the central and western regions. These results underscore the importance of regional institutional development in maximizing the potential spillover effects of IFDI. To optimize these spillovers, China should adopt regionally differentiated strategies to enhance economic institutions, and foster the robust growth of domestic innovative entrepreneurship. This study contributes to the literature on the debate about IFDI and innovative entrepreneurship by highlighting the mediating role of economic institutions and providing policy insights for governments and enterprises.

Abstract: This paper suggests a method of private internalization of externalities via the bundling of new fossil fuel automobile purchases. The bundle encourages and pursues a new quality of life entailing planting trees, a healthy body and mind, and efficient use of new energy usages for the joining of a grassroots environmental club. The work was motivated by the classic article of Ronald Coase, the Problem of Social Cost (1960) in Economics. Marketing plays an important role in this internalization endeavor. Indeed, modern behavioral economics and psychology help inform how creative bundles of a new automobile purchase with sustainable lifestyle elements can effectively formulate some promotional propositions. The pragmatism we are demonstrating in this piece is to show the linkage between theories and marketable directions.

Abstract:

There is growing urgency to address society’s complex issues, many of which are incorporated within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Higher education has a special role and a responsibility to support and promote these goals and to prepare students for the complex challenges they will face as future leaders. The SDG framework helps students understand SDGs, but special competencies are necessary to address them effectively. Sustainability competencies (SCs) impart the personal/emotional development missing from current programming, but higher education institutions (HEIs) have been reluctant to introduce them into the curricula. Meanwhile, graduating students are ill-prepared for the complex problems, like sustainability, they will face as new managers and leaders. Our research question focused on identifying essential evidence that would support the implementation of SCs in HEIs. Our purpose was to raise awareness of the need for action in improving sustainability education and to assist in moving the issue forward. To enhance reading, we have purposefully included multiple sections that capture and highlight the essential information. We employed a Scoping Review (SR) to scope out the relevant literature that supported a credible model for SCs and to determine whether consensus was evident among scholars for such a model. Contrary to a commonly expressed theme in the literature, the results revealed that scholarly opinion had converged around a framework proposed by Wiek et al. [96] and the 2021 update [62]. A thematic analysis identified key barriers preventing integration in HEIs, including the absence of a comprehensive policy to direct the implementation and sustain the change. We discuss these barriers and how they may be addressed. Integrating SCs into ME responds to SDG-4 (quality education). The results are intended to generate action regarding the need to integrate SCs in Management Education (ME)—sooner than later. The conclusions drawn respond to SDG-4 (quality education). The study serves to increase awareness of the issues and barriers preventing much needed transformation of ME in HEIs and to stimulate discussion and potential action. Further research may involve a systematic review to inform much needed policy and implementation.

Abstract: Sustainable leadership plays a pivotal role in fostering long-term economic, social, and environmental development. As businesses increasingly integrate sustainability into their core strategies, leaders must adopt approaches that align profitability with ethical responsibility. This paper explores how sustainable leadership contributes to sustainable development by examining key leadership principles, decision-making frameworks, and corporate strategies. The discussion highlights the shift from short-term financial goals to long-term value creation, emphasising stakeholder engagement, ethical governance, and innovation. By integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles, leaders can enhance resilience, drive corporate sustainability initiatives, and positively impact communities. The study also underscores the importance of knowledge-sharing, organisational culture, and adaptability in embedding sustainability into business practices. Through a systematic bibliometric literature review, this research provides insights for executives, policymakers, and academics seeking to navigate the evolving landscape of sustainability-driven leadership. The findings underscore the necessity of aligning leadership strategies with global sustainability imperatives.

Abstract: In a real estate cash flow model the same capitalisation rate used for both entry and exit valuations will result in a reconciliation error if the lease pattern for each valuation is different. Differences on exit are apparent in different review cycles, but also in any residual period due to an unequal unexpired term to review. To allow a more transparent comparison between entry and exit valuations, and easier reconciliation between implicit and explicit models, a fully explicit discounted cash flow (DCF) model is proposed by replacing the implicit terminal valuation with an explicit terminal valuation. The fully explicit DCF model avoids the need for a capitalisation rate as an input variable.

Abstract: This study introduces the Adaptive Risk-Optimized Portfolio (ARPO) model, a dy-namic framework designed to overcome limitations of static portfolio optimization. Integrating dynamic risk assessment, performance forecasting, optimization algo-rithms, and real-time adjustments, the ARPO model offers a robust solution for navi-gating complex financial markets. Analyzing FAANG stocks, bonds, and gold from January 2020 to January 2023, the ARPO model outperformed traditional approaches like Risk-Parity and Minimum Variance portfolios, achieving higher Sharpe ratios and improved risk-adjusted returns. The findings underscore the importance of real-time optimization in enhancing diversification and risk management, offering valuable in-sights for portfolio managers and financial institutions.

Abstract: In line with global efforts to address climate change, Saudi Arabia is dedicated to achieving net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The country has set a target to reduce 278 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent annually by 2030 as outlined in Vision 2030. This study aims to explore the potential impact of information and communication technology (ICT) and financial development on reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Saudi Arabia. Consequently, the study investigates the effects of ICT and financial development on environmental quality in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach for annual data from 1990 to 2022. Environmental quality is approached using carbon emissions per capita and greenhouse gas emissions per capita. Some control variables are included in the model such as primary energy consumption per capita, GDP per capita, trade openness, and urbanization. Using different versions of the ARDL model, the findings indicate that financial development has a positive impact on environmental quality in both the short and long run. However, the results of information and communication indicators are mixed. Additionally, traditional factors such as economic output, energy use, urbanization, and trade openness all have negative effects on environmental quality. Moreover, we do not find support for the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. These findings have important implications for policy-making. In order to meet the greenhouse gas emission reduction goals outlined in Vision 2030, policymakers should prioritize enhancing financial development and reducing dependence on fossil fuels, while also exploring diversification strategies for Saudi Arabia's economic activities. Furthermore, investing in certain types of ICT can expedite the decrease in GHG emissions.

Abstract: Rural tourism in Bucovina, Romania thrives due to its unspoiled natural landscapes, preserved rural traditions, and rich ethnographic heritage, including folk architecture, crafts, and festivals. The region is renowned for its uniquely painted monasteries, part of the UNESCO World Heritage, blending history, tradition, and spirituality. This study analyzes Bucovina as a rural tourism destination, focusing on three key areas: Gura Humorului, Câmpulung Moldovenesc, and Dorna. It evaluates the region’s appeal through tourism market indicators over a 10-year period (2014-2023). Findings highlight the sector’s strong development potential, evidenced by a significant increase in accommodation facilities, lodging capacity, tourist arrivals and overnights. Rural tourism positively impacts sustainable development by preserving traditions, enhancing social life, and supporting local crafts. Despite the increase in arrivals and overnight stays, the average length of stay remains relatively low. However, Bucovina’s rural tourism continues to expand, offering a sustainable model that balances cultural heritage with economic growth. This study is crucial for understanding the region’s tourism dynamics and informing future strategies for sustainable rural development.