Abstract: The aim of this article is to assess whether a 3.2/3.2 mm fully tempered double-glass PV architecture laminated with soft PDMS provides sufficient glass-level stiffness while enabling room-temperature mechanical delamination with recovery of intact glass sheets. It is compared with a lightweight 1.6/1.6 mm semitempered glass architecture laminated with crosslinked EVA. Under identical loading, geometry, and support conditions, the estimated EVA-to-PDMS deflection ratio is approximately 2 at 25 °C and approximately 8 at 85 °C. These analytical estimates indicate the stiffness advantage of the 3.2/3.2 mm PDMS laminate; they are not complete-module measurements. The key contribution of this article is the optimization of the mechanical delamination of a PDMS-laminated double-glass PV panel at room temperature while preserving both glass sheets intact. Successive process optimization reduced the complete-cycle time within the observed range from 16 to 4 minutes. Four minutes was the shortest cycle achieved without visible glass fracture, and the maximum local front-propagation speed without visible fracture was approximately 40 mm/s. Published reports of glass/EVA/TPT PV panel delamination required thermal assistance and did not demonstrate equivalent room-temperature intact-glass delamination.

Abstract: Earliness and plant architecture are major breeding targets in cucurbit crops because they influence crop duration, early yield, planting density, canopy management, and production efficiency. This review summarizes genetic, molecular, and genome-editing advances related to flowering, sex expression, fruit development, stem elongation, branching, and canopy architecture in cucumber, melon, watermelon, Cucurbita species, and other cucurbits. Current evidence shows that earlier flowering or increased femaleness does not necessarily lead to earlier commercial maturity, while compact growth must be evaluated together with yield, fruit quality, and environmental adaptation. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout remains the most established editing approach, whereas base editing, cis-regulatory editing, multiplex editing, developmental-regulator-assisted regeneration, and DNA-free RNP delivery offer promising routes toward more precise trait optimization. Major constraints include genotype-dependent transformation, pleiotropic effects, limited validation in elite germplasm, and scarce direct evidence for shortening fruit-development duration. An evidence-guided framework is proposed that links trait definition, functional genomics, target prioritization, tailored genome editing, whole-plant evaluation, and breeding deployment. Future progress will depend on quantitatively tuned alleles and coordinated optimization of reproductive timing, canopy architecture, productivity, fruit quality, and environmental stability.

Abstract: Monopile-supported offshore wind turbines are increasingly deployed in shallow to medium water depths because of their structural simplicity and economic efficiency. However, in seismic regions with liquefiable sandy deposits, earthquake-induced excess pore water pressure can substantially reduce soil stiffness and strength thereby modifying the dynamic response of the coupled soil-foundation-structure system. This study presents a three-dimensional dynamic finite element analysis of a monopile-supported DTU 10-MW offshore wind turbine using PLAXIS 3D. The liquefiable sand was modeled using UBC3D-PLM effective-stress constitutive model to investigate the influence of liquefiable layer thickness on soil stiffness degradation, apparent natural frequency, and structural response. The findings demonstrate that the response is governed not only by liquefiable-layer thickness but also by the coupled interaction between the liquefiable layer, non-liquefiable layer, and the monopile foundation. Increasing the liquefiable-layer thickness increases the tower and monopile lateral displacements and rotations, while slightly reducing acceleration transmission. The thicker softened liquefied layer reduced soil-foundation dynamic coupling and slightly attenuated the transmission of seismic acceleration to the superstructure. Time-frequency analysis revealed a liquefaction-induced reduction in the apparent first natural frequency (AFNF), as evidenced by the lower post-earthquake AFNF, followed by progressive recovery with soil-stiffness recovery. This recovery was progressively delayed as the liquefiable-layer thickness increased.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is an aggressive and treatment-resistant stage of prostate cancer for which reliable molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets remain limited. Previous CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of androgen receptor (AR) and fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5) identified a shared transcriptomic signature, suggesting the existence of a common regulatory network. This study aimed to clinically validate this network using multiple independent prostate cancer datasets. Methods: Five commonly dysregulated genes (FASN, FOSB, GRPR, PPARG, and CAV1), identified through comparative transcriptomic analyses, together with FABP5, were evaluated using multiple prostate cancer databases. Gene expression, clinicopathological associations, disease progression, genomic alterations, protein expression, and functional enrichment analyses were performed using integrated bioinformatics approaches. Correlation analyses with AR, KLK3, and VEGFA were also conducted. Results: FABP5, FASN, FOSB, and GRPR were significantly upregulated in prostate adenocarcinoma, whereas PPARG and CAV1 were significantly downregulated relative to normal prostate tissues. Several genes were significantly associated with Gleason score, disease progression, and established prostate cancer biomarkers. Protein-level validation using Human Protein Atlas data showed increased FABP5 and FASN expression in high-grade prostate adenocarcinoma tissues. Functional enrichment analyses identified significant enrichment of lipid metabolism, PPAR signaling, fatty acid biosynthesis, and hormone-responsive pathways. Conclusions: These findings clinically validate an experimentally identified FABP5-associated molecular network and support its role in prostate cancer progression and castration resistance. Collectively, the results identify FABP5 and its associated lipid metabolism-related genes as promising biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for advanced prostate cancer.

Abstract: This paper introduces novel approaches to the frequent subgraph mining problem using graph class membership. We develop two main frameworks. The first mines frequent subgraphs up to graph equivalence, illustrated by the concept of homeomorphism of arc-weighted directed graphs. The second mines frequent subgraphs up to membership in a general chain-hereditary graph class that admits an efficiently computable canonical labelling. Both approaches enable more flexible and scalable mining by leveraging type-based abstraction rather than exact isomorphism.

Abstract: Large language models can retrieve studies, synthesize evidence and support clinical decisions. This Review examines six overlapping domains and the evidence for their use. Improvements in individual tasks do not establish reliable syntheses or patient benefit. Across retrieval, synthesis, updating and clinical evaluation, the central challenge is to preserve source support, methodological judgment and patient context while testing whether the resulting workflow improves care.

Abstract: The growing complexity of urban infrastructure and the demand for sustainability are propelling the development of digitalization in cities. Urban digital twins (UDTs) are an emerging digital transformation solution for smart city management; however, there is limited knowledge about the empirical use of UDTs in developing countries. In this research, the first three stages of descriptive statistical analysis, multi-criteria decision making, and structural equation modeling are used for designing and validating a multi-layered governance structure for the implementation of UDTs in Iranian smart cities. A structured questionnaire, grounded on a horizontal digital twin architecture based on five layers, Technological Infrastructure (TI), Connectivity and Access (CA), Data and Processing (DP), Governance and Operational Management (GOM), and Innovation Enablement (IE), was used to conduct a quantitative expert-based survey. 22 experts in the civil engineering, construction, safety management, and digital technology fields rated the 12 components on the five-point Likert scale. All the components were significantly higher than the neutral value (3.0), with a range of means from 3.59 – 4.36 (Hedges’ g = 0.52 – 2.23), showing a high level of consensus among all components. Phase 2 applied the Best-Worst Method, assigning the highest priority to TI (0.284), followed by DP (0.246), GOM (0.221), CA (0.152), and IE (0.097); all consistency ratios were below 0.10. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used in phase 3. The sample size (n = 22) was expanded by Monte Carlo data augmentation, resulting in 80 observations, which had the multivariate dependence retained by Cholesky decomposition. The statistical equivalence was checked by comparing with the Frobenius norm (2.070) and the analysis of the eigenvalue spectrum. The model demonstrated excellent fit (χ²/df = 1.87; CFI = 0.96; TLI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.063; SRMR = 0.071). The direct influence on TI was greatest for Public–Private Partnership (PPP) (β = 0.74, p < 0.001). The results highlight the importance of scalable, federated infrastructure, open data policies, national standards, and IoT governance to support the development of UDT implementation in Iran.

Abstract: Background: Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) reflects the hemodynamic consequences of acute pulmonary arterial obstruction and is an important prognostic marker in patients with PE. However, data regarding the prevalence, clinical correlates, and prognostic significance of RVD remain limited in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Somalia, where diagnostic and critical care resources are constrained. Objective: To determine the prevalence and clinical correlates of RVD among adults with acute PE and to assess its association with in-hospital mortality at a tertiary referral hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included adults aged ≥18 years with acute PE confirmed by computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) who were admitted to Mogadishu Somali–Türkiye Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital between January 2020 and December 2023. RVD was defined as structural or functional right ventricular impairment documented on transthoracic echocardiography or CTPA. Demographic, clinical, comorbidity, imaging, treatment, and outcome data were extracted from medical records. Associations were assessed using chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests, as appropriate. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. Results: Among 293 patients, the mean age was 59.2 years, and 201 patients (68.6%) were female. RVD was identified in 110 patients (37.5%). Compared with patients without RVD, those with RVD had higher prevalences of hypertension (46.4% vs. 34.4%; p=0.042) and pre-existing heart failure (19.1% vs. 9.8%; p=0.024). Patients with RVD were more likely to require intensive care admission (92.7% vs. 59.0%; p<0.001) and to present with hypoxemia (91.8% vs. 58.5%; p<0.001) and syncope (12.7% vs. 1.6%; p<0.001). Active malignancy was more frequent among patients with RVD, although the difference was not statistically significant (12.7% vs. 6.6%; p=0.081). Overall, 51 patients (17.4%) died during hospitalization. Mortality was significantly higher among patients with RVD than among those without RVD (29.1% vs. 10.4%; p<0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypoxemia, and intensive care admission, RVD remained independently associated with in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30–5.04; p=0.007). Conclusions: RVD was present in more than one-third of Somali adults hospitalized with acute PE and was independently associated with a more than two-fold increase in the odds of in-hospital mortality. Routine assessment of right ventricular function may improve early risk stratification and support prioritization of intensive care resources in resource-limited settings.

Abstract: Climate change, rising demand, pollution, and ecosystem degradation are intensifying pressures on water resources and increasing interest in nature-based solutions (NbS). This systematic literature review examines water-related NbS and implementation actors, drivers, and barriers. A Scopus search covered English- and Spanish-language publications from 2010 to 2024, with reporting informed by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Of 186 records initially retrieved, 53 publications from 2017 to 2024 were retained. Descriptive bibliometric analysis and qualitative categorization, supported by VantagePoint version 15.2, identified 12 thematic categories, six driver dimensions, and seven barrier dimensions. Forty-seven publications appeared during 2020–2024, representing 88.7% of the retained corpus. The synthesis encompasses urban blue-green infrastructure, wetlands, river and floodplain restoration, rural landscapes, groundwater management, and related governance approaches. Implementation depends on interactions among public authorities, researchers, businesses, communities, landowners, utilities, and funding organizations. Stable financing, institutional coordination, technical capacity, and meaningful participation emerge as recurring enabling conditions. The findings support context-sensitive planning and comparable long-term monitoring. However, database and subject-area restrictions, heterogeneous study designs, and incomplete reporting of screening and appraisal procedures limit reproducibility and generalization. Publication frequency should not be interpreted as evidence of effectiveness or implementation success.

Abstract: Entropy measures characterize complex dynamics in electrocardiography (ECG) and heart rate variability (HRV), but their interpretation depends on estimator, signal representation, and analytical configuration. This methodology-oriented narrative review organized 126 references by evidentiary function and applied role-appropriate interpretation boundaries. Within this evidence set, 53 human heart-failure (HF) or HF-relevant reports underwent structured mapping by method family (template, multiscale, symbolic/distributional, spectral/wavelet, or conditional/coupling), research task, data provenance, and validation design. Findings varied with configuration, rhythm, preprocessing, and recording length, while reused datasets or shared cohorts limited the independence of report-level evidence. Of 12 reports presenting diagnostic/classification performance, only two reported participant-separated internal evaluation, without establishing a fully nested leakage-free pipeline. A non-exclusive set of 10 reports examined clinical outcomes or clinically relevant event associations, all within single cohorts. Neither subset included independent external patient-cohort validation or identified calibration. Entropy should therefore be treated as a configuration-, representation-, rhythm-, and task-specific research tool for dynamic phenotyping or a candidate component of multivariable models, rather than a standalone clinical measure. Progress requires complete estimator reporting and design-appropriate participant separation; candidates intended for prediction or decision support additionally require appropriate comparators, external validation, calibration, and decision-relevant evaluation.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: To compare static pelvic floor MRI morphometry between women with symptom-defined urinary incontinence (UI) and continent women and to examine whether observed differences persisted after accounting for parity and other clinical covariates. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional comparative study included 131 women: 81 classified as having symptom-defined UI and 50 continent participants. UI classification was based on self-reported involuntary urinary leakage together with at least one positive response in the urinary distress domain of the PFDI-20; no urodynamic or objective continence test was used for study classification. Static 3.0-T pelvic MRI at rest was used to measure puborectalis thickness, genital hiatus dimensions, urethral morphology, obturator internus thickness, and rectus muscle thickness. Group comparisons, exploratory within-sample ROC analyses, and parsimonious logistic regression models were performed. Results: Women with symptom-defined UI had lower bilateral puborectalis thickness (left: 5.54 ± 1.59 vs. 6.76 ± 1.33 mm; right: 5.53 ± 1.67 vs. 6.51 ± 1.46 mm; p ≤ 0.001) and larger genital hiatus width (105.54 ± 15.97 vs. 93.07 ± 15.07 mm; p < 0.001) and area (median 396.9 vs. 308.1 mm²; p < 0.001). Urethral diameter was also greater (12.34 ± 1.91 vs. 11.60 ± 1.45 mm; p = 0.021). Discrimination was moderate for genital hiatus width (AUC = 0.720) and left puborectalis thickness (AUC = 0.730). In separate parity-adjusted models, hiatus dimensions and bilateral puborectalis thickness remained associated with UI. None retained statistical significance when age, BMI, parity, and multiple correlated morphometric measures were entered together in broader models. Conclusions: Women with symptom-defined UI showed differences in puborectalis thickness and genital hiatus dimensions on static MRI. These associations were evident in unadjusted and parity-adjusted analyses but were attenuated in broader multivariable models, indicating important confounding and shared variance with clinical factors. The exploratory thresholds were derived within this sample and should not be interpreted as diagnostic cut-offs. Static MRI morphometry may help characterize pelvic floor anatomy, but the present data do not support its use as a stand-alone diagnostic test for UI.

Abstract: Manic and hypomanic states are precipitated by pharmacologically diverse agents, including corticosteroids, dopamine agonists, and antidepressants. The last cross-class review of drug-induced mania was published in 1995; the literature has since fragmented into class-specific reviews lacking a shared mechanistic account. We propose that chemically unrelated drugs perturb a few proximal systems — dopaminergic gain, glutamatergic synaptic potentiation, sleep and circadian timing, glucocorticoid signaling, and neuroimmune signaling — that converge on ventral prefrontal–amygdala–striatal circuitry implicated in secondary mania. Inverting the classical lesion-convergence logic, we treat pharmacological exposures as reversible, dose-graded probes of this network, accommodating withdrawal reversibility, dose dependence, and the affected minority. Evidence is appraised by study design rather than drug class, distinguishing experimentally supported associations from case series lacking exposure denominators. We then test the framework against real-world data: 15.4 million deduplicated post-marketing reports containing 11,698 manic or hypomanic events. Median reported latency ordered by mechanistic group from one day to four weeks, and a temporal-concentration flag assessed whether these patterns were more consistent with pharmacology or reporting behavior. Rather than a universal pathway, it links proximal mechanism to phenotype and time course, generating testable predictions for studies combining exposure measurement, actigraphic sleep monitoring, and repeated activation ratings.

Abstract: Sartre’s theory of the look offers a fresh way of re-examining the doctor–patient relationship in clinical surgery. The look is an existential mode through which individuals strive for subjectivity. In the context of clinical surgery, the patient’s look makes the surgeon feel that his or her subjectivity is negated, and this feeling of negation cannot be dissolved regardless of the patient’s condition. It is therefore necessary to move beyond the infinite cycle of the look and to rediscover a path by which the surgeon can return to being-for-itself. From the standpoint of existential ontology, the surgeon attains subjectivity through autonomous surgical action and the assumption of responsibility. From the standpoint of existential sociology, the co-presence of doctor and patient elevates the surgeon’s being-for-itself into a being-for-itself of “us,” and the surgeon’s being-for-itself is made manifest through the process of being responsible for the patient. In terms of existential faith, the awareness of life is fundamental: through an attitude of in spite of, the surgeon cultivates this awareness of life and becomes a being-for-itself.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Digital technologies are increasingly used in audiological as-sessment; however, evidence supporting clinically evaluated mobile tools for temporal auditory processing screening based on Frequency Pattern Test (FPT) and Duration Pattern Test (DPT) paradigms remains limited. This study examined preliminary con-current validity of digital FPT and DPT implementations in the Evollu Hear A4A mobile application against corresponding BAPA-PE reference measures. Methods: Twen-ty-seven adults with normal hearing (20–58 years) completed app-based and BAPA-PE versions of the DPT and FPT. Ten four-stimulus sequences were administered for each test and format, yielding scores from 0 to 10. Paired scores were compared using Wil-coxon signed-rank tests, and concurrent validity was examined using Spearman’s rank-order correlations. Results: Median DPT scores were 8 for both the app-based (IQR = 3) and BAPA-PE (IQR = 2) measures, while median FPT scores were 9 (IQR = 2) for both formats. No statistically significant differences were observed between app-based and BAPA-PE scores for the DPT (Z = −0.650, p = .516) or FPT (Z = −0.408, p = .683). Significant positive correlations were found between formats for both the DPT (ρ = .665, p < .001) and FPT (ρ = .614, p < .001). Conclusions: The app-based DPT and FPT showed significant positive associations with their corresponding BAPA-PE reference measures, providing preliminary evidence of concurrent validity in adults with normal hearing. Further studies involving broader performance ranges and clinical populations should evaluate reliability, screening cut-offs, sensitivity, and specificity.

Abstract: This paper argues that the central purpose of education should be the formation of good people—or, more precisely, ethically competent persons. Good people are not merely compliant, pleasant, or academically successful; they are ethically competent agents who reduce unnecessary harm, increase the flourishing of others, and take responsibility for their impact. The paper's principal theoretical contribution is the Integrated Model of Ethical Competence, which synthesizes character, competence, and practical wisdom into a unified framework for understanding how education can cultivate responsible action and human flourishing. The paper first identifies the essential characteristics of good people and situates this framework within major moral traditions—Aristotelian virtue ethics, Kantian deontology, utilitarianism, care ethics, Confucian ethics, and critical theory—justifying the proposed synthesis through an overlapping consensus grounded in human dignity, fairness, and care. It then defends the claim that good people are necessary, though not sufficient, conditions for societal trust, institutional integrity, democratic stability, economic fairness, and ecological responsibility, drawing on empirical research from social capital theory, moral development, positive psychology, and civic education. It further argues that good people are central to human flourishing because virtue is not merely a means to well-being but partly constitutive of it. Finally, the paper develops the Integrated Model of Ethical Competence and proposes how education can cultivate ethically competent persons through explicit ethics curriculum, dialogic pedagogy, just school culture, formative assessment, teacher formation, and institutional policies that value character alongside competence. The paper concludes that education for goodness is not indoctrination but a condition for individual flourishing and collective survival. Limitations of the argument are acknowledged, including measurement challenges, cultural disagreements, and the need for further empirical research on causal pathways.

Abstract: Social media influencers have become increasingly important in shaping consumer behavior in digital tourism environments, and their growing role has transformed how travelers search for information, evaluate destinations, and make international travel decisions. Nevertheless, the sequential roles of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and trust in Social Media Influencers remain insufficiently explored within a unified theoretical framework. To address this gap, this study aims to examine the effects of social media influencer characteristics on international travel decisions by investigating the mediating roles of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and trust in Social Media Influencers within the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) framework. To examine the proposed model, a quantitative research design was adopted using an online questionnaire administered to 739 participants from Generations Y and Z. The proposed model and hypotheses were tested using covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) with IBM SPSS and AMOS. The findings indicate that influencer characteristics significantly influenced FOMO, trust in Social Media Influencers, and international travel decisions. The results also confirmed the mediating roles of FOMO and trust in Social Media Influencers, as well as their sequential mediating effect in explaining how influencer characteristics shape international travel decisions.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are structurally diverse bioactive carbohydrates being investigated beyond early-life nutrition. General gut–muscle and short-chain-fatty-acid frameworks are already well described; the unresolved issue is whether structure-defined HMOs produce reproducible exercise benefits in humans and where translation from model-based mechanisms fails. Methods: This critical translational review systematically searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus. Evidence was assigned non-exclusively to Layer A (direct exercise evidence), Layer B (exercise-relevant mechanisms), or Layer C (adult translational evidence). We separately evaluated HMO structure, prespecified human efficacy outcomes, within-model causal support, and distance from healthy human exercise. Results: The five databases yielded 4,787 records; 40 reports representing 38 independent studies were included. Several HMOs were tolerated at the doses and durations tested and produced structure-, dose-, and host-dependent microbial responses; limited systemic exposure was documented for selected structures. Some intestinal and disease-model pathways had perturbation, knockout, transfer, or rescue support. However, direct human exercise evidence was sparse and inconsistent: primary or overall interaction tests were generally null, whereas favorable findings were mainly secondary, interim, within-group, or exploratory. No study established the complete sequence from oral exposure to target engagement, healthy skeletal-muscle adaptation, and improved performance. Conclusions: Current evidence supports biological activity and testability of selected HMOs, but not an HMO class effect, a confirmed ergogenic mechanism, or a recommendation for exercise-performance use. Translation is constrained by four unresolved links: structure to exposure, exposure to target engagement, target engagement to muscle phenotype, and muscle phenotype to functional benefit.

Abstract: Over the last two decades, climate change events have significantly affected the stability of geotechnical infrastructure, caused damage and resulting in injuries and loss of life. Climate-change events such as heavy rainfall, high temperatures, and permafrost thaw can affect the stability of slopes and embankments, causing problems with tunnel linings and foundation failures. The effects of climate change-induced extreme weather events on geotechnical infrastructure and people's lives can be minimized by using advanced data analysis techniques for monitoring and design. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have become popular for efficient and accurate infrastructure design and monitoring because they are trained on large volumes of data. This review summarizes the contributions of different researchers on the effects of climate change-induced extreme weather events on geotechnical infrastructure, including slopes, tunnels, embankments, and foundations. Moreover, this research proposes avenues for using LLMs for efficient monitoring and design of geotechnical infrastructure. By summarizing the findings, this paper highlights the impact of extreme weather events on geotechnical infrastructure and helps engineers adopt LLMs for the design and monitoring of geotechnical infrastructure. Overall, integrating LLMs into the design and monitoring of geotechnical infrastructure can improve safety by enhancing early-warning systems for slopes, embankments, and tunnels and by enabling designs that account for the variability of environmental forces during extreme weather events.

Abstract: The aim of the study was to compare a sample of Swedish military veterans with a sample of Ukrainian active-duty military personnel in terms of combat exposure, moral injury symptoms and indices of PTSD, depression and anxiety. Data collection took place in 2024, and questionnaire responses were obtained from 504 Swedish individuals (288 active-duty veterans and 216 veterans who had left the armed forces) and 308 Ukrainian active-duty military personnel using established scales. The Ukrainian respondents reported higher combat exposure and higher mean scores on scales designed to measure the severity of moral injury indication, PTSD indication, depression and anxiety. A profile (cluster) analysis based on all participants summarized the study findings. Profile I (n = 509) was dominated by Swedish participants and showed favorable results on the health scales. Profile II (n = 221) scored in the middle and Profile III (n = 71) was Ukrainian dominated and reported the least favorable scores on the health indices, including 70 of 71 scoring above the cutoff value on the PTSD indication scale. A practical suggestion for military healthcare, is to use moral injury indication scales and mental health scales for screening purposes.

Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most persistent and toxic fractions of petroleum-contaminated soils, and their strong sorption to soil organic matter often limits remediation efficiency. This study quantitatively evaluates inorganic photocatalysts used for PAH degradation in direct-soil, soil-suspension, and soil-washing-derived systems, emphasizing TiO2, iron oxides/oxyhydroxides, doped TiO₂, ZnO-based materials, while also examining their reported consequences for soil microbial communities and bioremediation. A PRISMA-informed framework was adopted, and quantitative evidence was standardized as parent-compound removal, rate constants, half-lives, and kinetic enhancement ratios when calculable. The quantitative analysis showed that 0.5% TiO₂ reduced the reported half-lives of phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene from 533.15, 630.09, and 363.22 h to 130.77, 192.53, and 103.26 h, corresponding to kinetic enhancements of 4.08-, 3.27-, and 3.52-fold. Recent TiO₂/α-FeOOH, MIL-88A(Fe), and other visible-light systems improve solar utilization, but cross-study comparison remains constrained by heterogeneity in matrix type, catalyst dosage, irradiation conditions, and uncertainty reporting. None of the primary studies measured soil microbial abundance, diversity, or community structure, leaving the biological consequences for the native microbiome and downstream bioremediation as a gap. Overall, the quantitative findings support inorganic photocatalysis as a promising hybrid remediation strategy, but future studies must standardize reporting, verify mineralization, assess post-treatment microbial recovery, and support field-scale validation.