In the drive towards environmental restoration and sustainable energy solutions, effective utilization and management of agricultural crop residues are vital to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and waste accumulation. Converting biogenic wastes into biofuels and bioproducts has the potential to tackle the energy crisis and contribute to environmental remediation. In this investigation, teff husk, primarily generated in Ethiopia during teff production within the agro-industrial sector, is used as the feedstock for the slow pyrolysis process. In Ethiopia, it is estimated that over 1.75 million tons of teff husk are generated annually, with a significant portion being incinerated in the fields, resulting in substantial environmental pollution. This study focuses on assessing teff husk as a potential material for slow pyrolysis, a crucial stage in biochar production, to tap into its biochar-producing potential. To determine the composition of the biomass, the teff-husk was initially analyzed by thermogravimetry. The significant presence of fixed carbon indicates that teff husk is a viable candidate for pyrolytic conversion into biochar particles. The process of slow pyrolysis took place at three varied temperatures—specifically, at 400, 450, and 500 °C. Process parameters of slow pyrolysis such as reaction time, temperature, and heating rate were enhanced to obtain maximum biochar yields. The highest biochar yield of 43.4 wt% was recorded at optimized reaction time, temperature, and heating rate of 120 min, 400 °C, and 4.2 °C/min, respectively. Furthermore, biochar's physicochemical, SEM-EDX, FTIR, and TGA characterization were performed. The thermal stability and carbon content of biochar were found to rise at higher temperatures. Unlike fuel recovery, the results suggest that teff-husk can be used as a feedstock for biochar production.

Deficiency, with its two constituents of protein-energy deficiency and micronutrient deficiencies, remains a substantial health burden in underdeveloped nations. It is the largest cause of sickness and death worldwide, particularly harming hundreds of millions of small children and pregnant women. In order to improve the protein-energy and micro- macro needs of developing countries, food products made from compositing flours are required. Ethiopian injera is a fermented, leavened flatbread produced primarily from teff flour. However, when compared to teff injera, injera made from sorghum flour and its blend has been found to have textural flaws. Uncontrolled staling of sorghum flour incorporated teff injera resulted in limited softness, freshness, rollability, brittleness anddryness which create big problems during storage. Due to its numerous health advantages and nutritional worth, fenugreek is regarded as a key functional food element. As a result, this study was conducted to identify the regression equation of injera formulations and optimise the teff, sorghum, and fenugreek flour blending ratios that result in injera with higher quality properties. Using mixture design methods and a D-optimal design, the effects of blending flour ratios on injera quality were examined. Teff flour alone injera was used as the control. Fourteen injera formulations were created using limited mixtures of teff (50-100%), sorghum (0-50%), and fenugreek (0-5%). Proximate, staling rate, mineral, antinutritional components, and sensory qualities were all taken into account as response variables in this study. The study's findings showed that increasing the proportion of fenugreek flours in injera made from teff-sorghum-fenugreek mixing ratios improved nutritive values, improved sensory appeal, textural characteristics and reduced staling rate. Generally speaking, the best injera blending ratio was found to be 64.1% teff, 32% sorghum, and 3.80% fenugreek in terms of overall qualitative qualities.

Increasing market participation among smallholder farmers have a big potential to uplift living standards of poor through increasing production and consumption pattern. Although, smallholder farming made 95% of total crop production in Ethiopia, they are exposed to a marketing bottleneck that hinders benefits from their produce. The objective of this study was analyzing factors determining smallholder Teff farmer decision to participate in output market and level of marketed output.The study used data from 190 respondents from four selected Teff dominant kebeles of Gena-Bossa districts in Dawro Zone, through structured questioner. This investigation was imperative because no adequate research has been done in study area in examining the hindering factors of farmers’ market participation. Moreover, in the prior study, different authors come up with varied outcomes in diverse country and geographic location concerning poor farmers’ market participation decision. The descriptive statistics and Heckman two stage econometric methods were employed to analyze data collected from sampled household. The significance of coefficient of inverse Mill’s ratio ( ) indicates the presence of self-selection bias and the effectiveness of applying Heckman two stage model. The results of study show that the smallholder decision to participate in output market were positively influenced by size of land holding, availability of family labor force, education status of household head, accessibility of credit service and access to market price information. On the other hand, size of family member, sex of house hold head being female and distance to market place discourage probability of Teff farmer market participation decision. Moreover, the second stage estimation reveals that, the education status of house hold head, size of farm land, amount of Teff crop produced, accessibility of market information, the size of family labor force and being member to farm cooperative increase the quantity of marketable output, whereas, large number of family size decline the level of Teff crops marketed. The policy that assist poor farmers in obtaining market skills; create affordable credit service; strengthen community based producer groups and capacitating the females socially and economically in the community believed to minimize the problems encountering small farmers in a way to market their crop