Background: This study aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on breast reconstruction trends in the United States, focusing on implant-based and autologous techniques, as well as the timing of reconstruction (immediate vs. delayed). Methods: A retrospective analysis of data from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons' National Plastic Surgery Statistics from 2015 to 2022 was conducted. Annual trends in breast reconstruction procedures were analyzed, comparing the pre-pandemic (2015-2019) and pandemic (2020-2022) periods. Results: The total number of breast reconstructions increased from 106,338 in 2015 to 151,641 in 2022. The proportion of implant-based reconstructions decreased from 81.41% pre-pandemic to 76.51% during the pandemic (p < 0.001), with a notable rise in direct-to-implant procedures from 10.37% to 19.12% (p < 0.001). Autologous reconstructions increased from 18.59% to 23.49% (p < 0.001). Among autologous techniques, DIEP flaps remained the most popular. Immediate reconstruction rates increased from 72.61% pre-pandemic to 75.57% during the pandemic, while delayed recon-struction rates decreased from 27.39% to 24.43% (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly influenced breast reconstruction trends in the United States, with a shift towards autologous techniques, particularly DIEP flaps, and an in-crease in immediate reconstructions. These changes may reflect adaptations in surgical practice and decision-making processes in response to the unique challenges posed by the pandemic. Further research is needed to assess the long-term outcomes and patient satisfaction associated with these trends.

We report the case of a 61-year-old woman who was referred to the Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit of the University Hospitals of Geneva to take care edentulous sites after dental avulsions of teeth 11 and 21 following traumatic shock due to endotracheal intubation under general anaesthesia. The dental history revealed that the patient had a history of generalized chronic periodontitis that had been treated several years earlier. Treatment consisted, for the first time to our knowledge, of immediate insertion of implants at sites 11 and 21 with simultaneous bone augmentation in a single surgical procedure and immediate restorations.

(1) Importance of problem: Breast cancer accounted for 685.000 deaths globally in 2020, and half of all cases occur in women with no specific risk factor beside gender and age-group. During last 4 decades we see a reduction by 40% of age-standardized breast cancer [1], which in turn means that the number of mastectomies performed for younger women increased, raising the need for adequate breast reconstructive surgery. Advances in oncological treatment have made it possible to limit the extent of what represents radical surgery for breast cancer, yet in the past decade, we see a marked trend toward mastectomy in breast conserving surgery eligible patients [2]. Prophylactic mastectomy has also registered an upward trend [3,4]. This trend together with new indication for breast reconstruction like chest feminization in transgender patients [5] have increased the need for breast reconstruction surgery. (2) Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the types of reconstructive procedures, their indications, their limitations, their functional results and the safety profiles when used during the integrated treatment plan of the oncologic patient; (3) Methods: We conducted an extensive literature review of the main reconstructive techniques, especially the autologous procedures, summarized the findings and presented a few cases from our own experience for exemplification of the usage of breast reconstruction in oncologic patients. (4) Conclusions: Breast reconstruction has become a necessary step in the treatment of most breast cancers and many reconstructive techniques are now routinely practiced. Microsurgical techniques are considered the "gold standard", but they are not accessible to all services, from a technical or financial point of view, so pediculated flaps remain the safe and reliable option, along with alloplastic procedures, to improve the quality of life of these patients.

A healthy 47-year-old woman consulted the Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit of the University Hospitals of Geneva with a request to treat her painful tooth 11 and replace the missing tooth 21. The dental history revealed that the patient had lost teeth 21 and 22 due to advanced caries. On clinical examination, tooth 11 showed an ill-fitting prosthetic crown with overhanging margins, an increased localized probing depth of 8 mm in the disto-vestibular area and sensitivity to percussion. The edentulous site 21 showed horizontal bone atrophy. Radiological examination revealed a well-defined unilocular radiotransparent lesion surrounded by a thin radiolucent border, located at the apex of tooth 11 and measuring 10 x 8 mm. The treatment consisted of extraction of 11, enucleation of the apical lesion, insertion of implants at sites 11 and 21 with simultaneous bone augmentation in a single surgical procedure with aesthetic and functional results at 3-year follow-up without any complications. Our case highlights that immediate implant placement in case of cystic periapical lesion represents a good valid alternative to standard treatment.

A human brain can communicate with another one’s brain using quantum entanglement. Similar particles can entangle without interaction. Sensory communication between two individuals from far distances is still not known. Former studies primarily have been performed regarding brain neurons' quantum behavior. The test was performed on two individuals far from each other. These individuals were put under the same music on the basis of brain neuroplasticity property. By activating the brain reward system, aligned thinking was time scheduled in these individuals’ brains. On the basis of entanglement, compressed information was sent and received between these two individuals.

Metal-reinforced polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) is considered the gold standard material for immediate loading on dental implants. However, mechanical problems under loading cycles can occur, such as fractures. To overcome these drawbacks, a novel polymer-based material has been proposed. The aim of the present in vitro comparative research is to validate a novel composite polymer developed to replace metal-reinforced PMMA interim restoration due to its advantages of good mechanical proprieties, easier manufacturing, and handling. Ten interim restorations were CAD/CAM designed and fabricated (five in the composite "ONLY" group, and five in the metal-reinforced PMMA group). All the samples were screwed into the prototype models, simulating a complete edentulous mandible rehabilitated with six straight implants. Outcome measures were breakpoint (load, N) and displacement (mm) thought a static, compression test and material behavior under dynamic cyclic test method (fatigue test). A total of twenty samples were tested. Ten samples were used for each test (10 for static and 10 for dynamic), five samples were used in each group (test and control). All the specimens completed the mechanical tests, as planned. There was no statistically significant difference between groups for all, breakpoint, displacement and fatigue tests. Breakpoint in the test group was 1953.19 ± 543.73 N, while, it was 2031.10 ± 716.68 N in the control group, with no statistically significant difference (P=0.775). The displacement was 1.89 ± 0.34 mm in the test group and 1.98 ± 0.75 mm in the control group, again, with no statistically significant difference (P=0.763). Under dynamic cyclic test method, in the control group the mean load was 2504.6 ± 972.15 N, while, in the test group the mean load was 3382 ± 578.5 N. The difference between group was 877.4 ± 579.3 N (p value=0.121). With the limitation of this in vitro study, the novel composite polymer can be used to immediately load dental implants. Further clinical researches are needed to confirm this preliminary results.

A maxillary totally edentulism was rehabilitated with one-piece implants starting from pre-existing totally removable denture. A 3D digital scan of the removable denture and upper and lower arches was performed. On this basis, a prototype with optimal esthetic and functional outcomes was re-alized and turned into a custom-made radiological stent with markers. The superimposition of STL and DICOM files allowed the virtual planning of one-piece implants ideal position. The stackable templates composed of a fixed component, namely base template, and removable components, were realized. The fixed component, once secured with anchor pins to the bone, was no longer removed. The removable components, screwed to the fixed component, were used to perform the implant surgery and the immediate prosthetic loading. A base template allowed for maintaining a fixed reference during the entire workflow, improving the transition between the digital project, the surgical procedure, and the prosthetic rehabilitation.

The clinical requirement for a good esthetic result for immediate implant placement is the absence of dehiscence in the anterior facial alveolar bone. In the presence of a dehiscence, it is recommend-ed to use a connective tissue graft in addition to immediate implant placement or to change to ear-ly implant placement. However, the literature focusing on dehiscence is scarce, and the influence of different placement times and combined use of connective tissue graft on postoperative esthetics in cases with dehiscence is unclear. Therefore, we quantitatively evaluated the pre-extraction de-hiscence morphology and postoperative changes in the facial tissue of implants in three groups: immediate implant placement (Group I), immediate implant placement with connective tissue graft (Group IC), and early implant placement (Group E). Fifty-two implants were obtained (20 in Group I, 16 in Group IC, and 16 in Group E). A wider dehiscence increases the risk of soft tissue regression, which was one reason for choosing early implant placement. A combination of imme-diate implant placement and connective tissue graft, or early implant placement, tended to result in less soft tissue regression due to the thicker postoperative facial soft tissue volume.

Neurologic disorders such as traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and drug-resistant epilepsy have a high socioeconomic impact around the world. Current therapies for these disorders are often not effective. This creates a demand for the development of new therapeutic approaches to treat these disorders. Recent data suggest that autoreactive naturally occurring immunoglobulins produced by subsets of B cells called B1 B cells combined with complement are actively involved in the processes of restoration of neuronal functions during pathological conditions and remyelination. The focus of this review is to discuss the possibility of creating specific therapeutic antibodies that can activate and fix complement to enhance neuronal survival and promote central nervous system repair after injuries associated with many types of neurodegenerative diseases.

We are witnessing the severe third outbreak mediated by coronaviruses affecting global public health with unprecedented economic consequences. A better understanding of its phylogenetics, exploration of sequence features and mutational changes could unveil its genealogy to gain insights into the mechanism of transmission and development of possible interventions. Our comparative genomic analyses of >160 isolates of SARS-CoV-2 reveal phylogenetic kinship with other coronaviruses and emergence of evolutionary divergence in clinical isolates. t-SNE-based clustering revealed different clades but no continent specific clusters. Amino acid substitutions at RBD of spike protein provide possible reasons for rapid transmission. Few proteins specific to SARS-CoV-2 were identified which could have implications as therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers. Virtual screening identified repurposed drugs, known nutraceuticals, for specific interventions. These phylogenetic observations reveal the ancestry and computational studies reveal the emergency measures to interject this emerging pathogen that pose threat to whole of mankind.

Is immediate action at a distance, like gravitational attraction, imaginable using the contrary concept of close up, tactile, events? Tactile events, defined with the term ‘tap-tapping’ as a blind man does, described in a two-way spiritual interaction theory, are implemented in physics to understand gravitation from this respect. The quantum mechanical wave function reduction during measurements receives a new approach. Formulated is a new proof for Einstein’s Equivalence Principle, extending it beyond locality, and a sketch of how tactile interaction could explain dark energy and an accelerated expansion of the universe. Dark energy and dark matter are examples starting from which to discuss properties of matter and space and gravitation as immediate tactile action rather than mediated action such as electromagnetism.