Cow’s Milk (CM) is a healthy food consumed worldwide by individuals of all ages. Unfortunately, 'lactase deficient' individuals cannot digest milk's carbohydrate lactose depriving themselves of highly beneficial milk proteins like casein, lactoalbumin and lactoglobulin, due to lactose intolerance (LI), while other individuals develop cow milk allergy specifically against these proteins (CMPA). The management of these conditions is distinctly different and an inappropriate diagnosis or treatment may have significant implications for the patients, especially if they are infants or very young children, resulting in unnecessary dietary restriction or avoidable adverse reactions. Omics technologies play a pivotal role in elucidating the intricate interactions between nutrients and the human body, spanning from genetic factors to the microbiota profile and metabolites. This comprehensive approach enables the precise delineation and identification of distinct cohorts of individuals with specific dietary requirements, so that tailored nutrition strategies can be developed. This is what is called personalized nutrition or precision nutrition (PN), the area of nutrition that focuses on the effects of the nutrients over the genome, proteome and metabolome, promoting well-being and health, preventing diseases, reducing chronic disease incidence, and so increasing life expectancy. Here, we report the scientific community opinion proposing to replace the approach “one size fits all” with tailor-made nutrition programs, designed by integrating nutrigenomic data together with clinical parameters and microbiota profiles, taking into account the individual lactose tolerance threshold and needs in terms of specific nutrients intake. This customized approach could help LI patients to improve their quality of life, overcoming depression or anxiety, often resulting from the individual perception of this condition as different from a normal state.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract (GT) caused by a wide range of genetic, microbial, and environmental factors. IBD is characterized by chronic inflammation, decreased gut microbial diversity and dysbiosis, with a lower amount of beneficial bacteria and a concomitant increase of pathogenic species. It is well known that dysbiosis is closely related to the induction of inflammation and oxidative stress, this last caused by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cellular antioxidant capacity that leads to cellular ROS accumulation. ROS are responsible for the intestinal epithelium oxidative damage and the increased intestinal permeability found in IBD patients and their reduction could represent a potential therapeutic strategy to limit the IBD progression and alleviate its symptom. Recent evidence highlighted that dietary polyphenols, natural antioxidants, are able to maintain redox equilibrium in the GT preventing gut dysbiosis, intestinal epithelium damage and radical inflammatory responses. Here, we suggest that the relatively new foodomics approaches, together with new technologies for promoting the antioxidative properties of dietary polyphenols, including novel delivery systems, chemical modifications and combination strategies, may provide critical insight to determine the clinical value of polyphenols for IBD therapy and a comprehensive perspective for implementing natural antioxidants as potential IBD candidate treatment.