Nanotechnology in Agriculture: Mitigating Salinity Stress to Enhance Plant Growth and Productivity

Dehydration, high salt concentrations and extreme high or low temperatures are just a few of the environmental issues that inhibit plant growth and development. The most significant issue facing agriculture globally is salinity. The amount of land that can be cultivated on Earth is greatly influenced by salinity. In plants, it interacts with osmotic pressure, ionic levels, and the effects of oxidative stress. Plants use defence mechanisms such as antioxidant systems, osmotic control, and ion maintenance of equilibrium to deal with these problems. A strategy that may be able to help with these issues is nanotechnology. Plant resilience is increased by nanoparticles (NPs) through maintaining the efficiency of photosynthesis, regulation of stress-responsive genes, and improvement of antioxidant properties. By preserving photosynthesis, boosting antioxidant capacity, and controlling stress-responsive genes, nanoparticles (NPs) help plants become more resilient. NPs including ZnO-NPs, Fe-NPs and TiO2-NPs, can enhance plant growth and stress tolerance, delivers a cost-effective way and sustainable approach to mitigate salinity stress and increase the output of agriculture. The usage of nanotechnology in farming improves environmental sustainability and helps global food security in addition to addressing salinity-related problems.