Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection Among Pregnant Women in Shendi, River Nile State, Sudan

Background: A common zoonotic parasite protozoan with significant effects on veterinary and public health is Toxoplasma gondii. It is believed that one-third of the world's population has come into contact with this parasite. Pregnant women in Sudan have been found to have higher seroprevalence rates, and exposure has been linked to serious gestational problems such miscarriage, preterm delivery, or stunted fetal growth. In Shendi, River Nile State, Sudan, this study sought to ascertain the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies and examine epidemiological risk factors among expectant mothers. Methods: A cross-sectional hospital and clinic-based study was carried out on 300 pregnant women in Shendi. Serum samples were collected and tested for T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies with a commercial quick immunochromatographic test (ICT) cassette. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, obstetrical, and dietary behavioral information. Results: The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG antibodies in 300 individuals was 46.7% (n=140), indicating previous immunological exposure; no IgM antibodies were found, indicating the lack of active, acute infections during the sample period. T. gondii seropositivity was found to be significantly associated with raw or undercooked meat consumption (P=0.000), first-trimester gestational age (P=0.000), a maternal history of miscarriage (P=0.000), and prior deliveries of children with congenital abnormalities. There was no statistically significant link between age groups (P=0.989) or parity (P=0.636). Conclusion: The findings show a significant seroprevalence of latent maternal toxoplasmosis exposure in the Shendi region. The strong associations between dietary habits and unfavorable obstetric outcomes highlight the importance of early regular antenatal screening, enhanced food safety education, and preventative prenatal efforts to reduce vertical transmission risk.