Integrated Mechanistic Signaling of Melatonin, Strontium, Vitamin D, and Vitamin K in Bone‑Lineage and Dental‑Cell Biology

Bone remodeling in skeletal and dental compartments is governed by shared lineage‑specific programs, yet systemic and local nutrient‑signaling effects are typically reported as isolated, single‑agent findings. This narrative review outlines an integrated mechanistic topology describing how melatonin, strontium, vitamin D3, and vitamin K2 interface with shared osteogenic and inflammatory pathways. By synthesizing evidence across dental pulp stem cells, periodontal ligament stem cells, and osteoblast–osteoclast co‑cultures, this topology positions these agents as parallel mechanistic inputs acting on common signaling nodes. Key regulatory intersections include OPG/RANKL coupling, MAPK/ERK activation, Nrf2‑linked antioxidant defense, and Wnt/β‑catenin‑associated mineralization pathways. This review develops a hypothesis‑generating signaling topology to guide future experimental designs, including dose‑matrix co‑cultures, for testing specific nutrient–pathway interactions. Importantly, this analysis is limited to mechanistic signaling and does not address clinical efficacy or therapeutic supplementation for periodontitis or other dental conditions.