Plasma Jets and Stellar Lightnings Involved in Coronal Heating Dynamics

The spicules, flares, any plasma jets, and stellar lightning participate in the coronal heating dynamics of the Sun and Stars. The essential concept of the coronal heating problem in understanding how the upper atmosphere of stars and the Sun is heated to multi-million-degree temperatures, and its lower zone, the photosphere and chromosphere, still at 5000 K or 10000 K, remains one of the great unsolved issues in the history of astrophysics. Magnetic field dominates coronal heating dynamics since Magnetic pressure is higher than the thermal pressure of ions and particles. This tussle and equilibrium between them enhances the surface temperature and brightness of the star's outer atmosphere. The speed and temperature of the energetic particles in the plasma jets and stellar lightnings of the stars, the surface temperature, and the luminosity of stars could be determined mathematically. The particles with higher speed, momentum, and maximum equivalent temperature can leave the surface of a star with a speed higher than the escape velocity. The particles with a minimum speed and lower temperature in the plasma jets and spicules may fall back to the surface of stars as coronal rain. Particles in the Coronal mass ejection have enough energy and speed to escape from the external surface of stars as a solar wind. Plasma Jets and stellar lightning are energetic particles and ions that come out rapidly from the interior shells of the Sun and Stars to enhance coronal heating dynamics. Plasma jets and stellar lightning emerge vertically from the lower shells of stars, cause violent turbulence on their surfaces in the photosphere and chromosphere, and are involved in the coronal heating dynamics of the stars and the Sun. The central temperatures of stars range from 20 million kelvins to 3 billion kelvins due to nuclear fusion processes, causing ions and energetic particles to form powerful plasma jets, stellar lightning, nanoflares, spicules, solar wind, and coronal mass ejections on stellar surfaces. The thermal pressure prevailed over the magnetic pressure and increased the speed of energetic particles to leave the exterior surface of stars. The lifetime of stellar lightnings is a few seconds and difficult to detect with present technology, but the lifetime of spicules, stellar flares, and coronal loops is extended to several minutes and days. Maximum plasma jets and stellar lightnings may be displayed on the surface of a massive star due to the fusion of heavy elements in its fusion ball in the core, typically Oxygen, silicon, germanium, and manganese.