Optimal Dispatch in Hybrid PV/Diesel/Hydro/Battery Energy Storage Systems for Minimizing Power Losses, CO2 Emissions and Operating Cost

The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources demands dispatch strategies that balance technical reliability, environmental sustainability, and economic efficiency. While Hybrid Photovoltaic/Hydro/Diesel/Battery Energy Storage (BESS) systems have been studied, most existing works focus on single-objective optimization or genetic multi-objective trade-offs without explicit integration of global sustainability thresholds. This study introduces a novel policy-embedded Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) dispatch framework that embeds policy-aligned constraints (losses ≤ 8%, CO₂ reduction ≥ 40%, and cost reduction ≥ 20%) directly into the optimization model of the IEEE 30-bus system. Unlike prior studies, the framework establishes a replicable benchmark for hybrid generator placement and sizing, combining renewable-first dispatch logic with explicit emission and cost caps.Results demonstrate that policy thresholds are achievable within technical feasibility, with losses halved, emissions reduced by over 40%, and costs lowered by 20%. Pareto frontier analysis reveals that global policy targets coincide with the frontier of achievable trade-offs, providing new evidence that sustainability agendas can be operationalized in dispatch optimization. This contribution advances hybrid system research by bridging technical modeling with global energy policy, offering actionable insights for grid operators, policymakers, and researchers. By systematically locating PV+BESS at Bus 19/30, Hydropower at Bus 6/11 and Diesel at Bus 2/5, the study provides a reproducible design logic that future researchers can adopt. This benchmark moves beyond abstract optimization to offer a practical system design contribution.