Bioethical Challenges in the Implementation of Targeted Anti-Tumor Therapies in Low-Resource Settings: A Perspective from Latin America

Introduction: Precision oncology has revolutionized cancer care in high-income countries, but its implementation in Latin American low-resource settings faces profound bioethical dilemmas. This study analyzes these challenges through the lens of social justice and equity. Methods: An integrative review was conducted following the Whittemore and Knafl framework. A systematic search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and LILACS (2015–2025). Thematic synthesis was applied to integrate empirical data with normative bioethical theories. Results: Four major analytical themes were identified: 1) The Innovation Paradox and Financial Toxicity, where prohibitive pricing (exceeding $100,000 USD/year) violates distributive justice and leads to a biological penalty in survival; 2) Infrastructure Deficits and Epistemic Injustice, highlighted by a 9.4% access rate to Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and the risks of applying Eurocentric genomic data to admixed LA populations; 3) Research Vulnerability, where clinical trials serve as survival strategies, compromising autonomy and informed consent; and 4) The Judicialization Dilemma, where individual court orders for high-cost drugs threaten systemic sustainability and equity. Conclusions: To prevent a genomic apartheid, Latin America must transition toward genomic sovereignty and frugal precision oncology. Bioethical frameworks in the region must prioritize protection ethics and social justice to ensure that scientific innovation does not exacerbate existing health inequities.