Integrated Solar-Powered Clean Water Treatment System for Smart Building: A Case Study on Sustainable Technology and Building Deployment in the Remote Region

Limited access to clean water and reliable electricity infrastructure remains a major challenge in many remote regions of Indonesia, particularly for building‑scale domestic use. Conventional water treatment systems are often constrained by high operational costs and dependence on grid power, highlighting the need for sustainable and autonomous infrastructure solutions. This study presents the design, development, and performance evaluation of an integrated solar‑powered clean water treatment system for smart building applications in remote areas using a Research and Development (R&D) approach. The proposed system combines off‑grid polycrystalline photovoltaic panels with a multi‑stage water treatment process consisting of a floss (mud) filter, activated carbon filter, water hyacinth cellulose bio‑filter, ultraviolet (UV) sterilization unit, storage tank, and an IoT‑based real‑time water quality monitoring system. System performance was evaluated through microbiological, physical, and chemical water quality testing, with monitoring conducted via Wi‑Fi‑enabled sensors connected to the Blynk platform. The results demonstrate substantial improvements in treated water quality. Escherichia coli and total coliform bacteria were eliminated (100% reduction). Total dissolved solids (TDS) decreased from 450 mg/L to 218 mg/L (51.6%), and dissolved manganese was reduced from 30 mg/L to 0.01 mg/L (99.97%), while nitrate levels decreased by 50%. Water pH and temperature remained stable and within regulatory limits. All treated water parameters complied with national clean water standards for hygiene and sanitation. The system operated independently using solar energy and achieved a clean water production capacity of 1,000–1,500 L/day. These findings indicate that the proposed system is a feasible, cost‑effective, and sustainable civil engineering solution for clean water infrastructure in remote building environments.