From Grow Room to Market: A Technical and Economic Assessment of Family-Operated Small-Scale Cordyceps Production

Cordyceps militaris is a high-value medicinal mushroom with rapidly growing demand in functional food and nutraceutical markets, yet practical frameworks for small-scale household cultivation remain limited. This study presents an integrated technical and economic feasibility analysis of small-scale Cordyceps production, comparing two scenarios: Scenario 1, an entry-level household setup with one growth room and processing area; and Scenario 2, a larger configuration with two growth rooms and a shared processing area, with staggered scheduling. Both use consistent biological, operational, and market assumptions, with no hired labor. The analysis covers capital expenditure (CapEx), operating costs (OpEx), profitability metrics, payback period, and break-even thresholds, complemented by sensitivity analysis on key biological parameters. While both scenarios are technically and financially viable, Scenario 2 delivers substantially superior returns, faster payback, and stronger resilience to variation in biological efficiency and contamination, requiring only modest incremental CapEx. Gross margins remain consistent across scales, indicating that expansion's advantage lies in more efficient CapEx amortization rather than improved unit profitability. Beyond financial performance, the findings highlight Cordyceps cultivation as a family-centered enterprise that can strengthen household economic diversification, generate supplementary or primary income, and contribute to the livelihoods of urban and rural families.