A Review of the Investigation of Selected Cannabinoids, Cannabimimetic and Artemisia Combination Treatment Compounds Against COVID-19 and Their Use as Investigational Natural Therapeutic Agents

COVID-19 has spurred a lot of interest in complementary and alternative agents for therapeutic purposes having antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. In these, natural products and bioactive compounds from plants have been at the center of attention due to their easy access, relatively low risk, and long history of use in traditional medicine. This paper reviews in detail and critically assesses the scientific data that at present the use of certain cannabinoids, cannabimimetic compounds, and Artemisia species in the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. It gives an account of medicinal approaches to cannabinoids like cannabidiol (CBD), Δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), alongside other minor cannabinoids and synthetic and naturally-occurring cannabimimetics. The paper discusses the potential of Artemisia annua and other species as treatments, especially focusing on their antiviral, anti-regulatory, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating properties. It highlights the molecular interactions with SARS-CoV-2 targets as well as cytokine regulation and modulation of oxidative stress pathways, with special emphasis on these areas. The paper raises multiple issues like preclinical and clinical studies, safety aspects, regulatory hurdles, and drawbacks related to the use of these natural compounds. After analyzing all the available data, the article entertains the idea of a cannabinoid Artemisia combination as a supportive or adjunct therapy in COVID-19 treatment. It also points out that the clinical trials are insufficient concerning the establishment of effectiveness, determination of the appropriate dosage and assurance of the long-term safety of the treatment.