Classical MPPT in a Partially Shaded PV String: Technical Note on System Operation and Control

This report describes the practical implementation of a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system for a string of four series‑connected monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) cells. The system includes a boost DC‑DC converter that interfaces the low‑voltage PV string to a 36 V battery, and each cell has an individual MOSFET bypass switch to mitigate partial shading. We explain the operating principles, the MPPT algorithms (Perturb & Observe and Incremental Conductance), the bypass logic, and the closed‑loop control that adjusts the converter’s duty cycle to maximise power transfer. Step‑by‑step descriptions and supporting figures clarify the process.