Exosomes: The Elixir or the Trojan Horse Exosome Biologic Dual-Face

Background: Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles that range from 30 to 150 nm and have a bilayer lipid membrane which encapsulates proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, first identified in the 1960s and expanded in application from disease diagnostics to targeted therapeutics. They are intercellular communicators with roles in physiological regulation and pathological progression. Results: Exosomes applications in gene therapy, drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and disease diagnostics activate signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, etc., deliver anti-aging molecules, and promote angiogenesis refers to their properties such as biocompatibility, cross the blood-brain barrier, serving as vectors and selective cargo delivery. Altogether, these effects promote tissue regeneration, as well as its therapeutic potential in dermatology, orthopedics, cardiology, neurology, and wound healing. However the same mechanisms that promote regeneration can also drive tumor progression, induce drug resistance, suppress immune responses, and mediate the pathogenic factors spread. It means that exosome's dual nature presents challenges. On the therapeutic side, exosomes can promote tumor growth, drug resistance, and immune suppression. In contrast, the transmission of viral or pathogenic proteins, tumor progression, and so on, underscores their “Trojan horse” potential. Conclusion: Exosomes embody a biological paradox as mentioned. It is essential for developing safe and effective exosome based therapies to understanding of this duality deeper for harnessing their therapeutic potential while mitigating associated risks.