Climate Resilience in Cities: Improving Health and Well-Being Through “Greener” Commuting and Working Environments

Cities play a central role in shaping societal responses to the climate crisis, concen-trating both climate risks and institutional capacity to address them. While climate impacts are widely distributed, they are experienced unevenly, with marginalized populations facing disproportionate exposure to economic disruption and environ-mental stress, particularly in urban environments. This review article examines how cities can enhance climate resilience while supporting a just transition to a post-carbon economy. It addresses three interrelated questions: how vulnerable urban populations can be better prepared for green employment; how transformations in work and commuting can promote compact, mixed-use, and transit-friendly urban districts; and how such districts can be designed to protect residents from urban heat and improve walkability through shade and nature-based solutions. The analysis synthesizes find-ings from recent empirical studies and applied policy initiatives, including a municipal green-employment pilot in Tel Aviv-Yafo, the “Reinventing Paris” office-to-housing program, and urban heat and pedestrian-behavior research. Together, these cases il-lustrate how physical adaptation strategies interact with labour-market dynamics and social policy. The review concludes that effective urban climate resilience requires in-tegrating infrastructural and spatial interventions with labour-market transformation, social protection, and inclusive governance, positioning cities as key operational units for advancing equitable climate action.