Societal Knowledge, Risk Perception, and Health-Seeking Behaviour Toward Rabies in Ghana: Implications for One Health Policy and Dog Vaccination Coverage

Rabies remains a persistent zoonotic threat in Ghana despite the availability of effective countermeasures such as mass dog vaccination and timely post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). We conducted a cross-sectional household survey (n = 450) and complementary focus group discussions to assess community knowledge, risk perception, bite-management practices, and determinants of dog vaccination across urban and rural settings. Results indicated that while 68 % of respondents had heard of rabies, only 42 % correctly identified dogs as the main source of transmission. Although 58 % perceived dog bites as dangerous, 36 % preferred traditional remedies over medical treatment, and only 31 % reported vaccinating their dogs. Educational level, urban versus rural residence, and prior exposure to dog-bite incidents significantly influenced knowledge and practices. These findings highlight gaps in awareness and preventive behaviour that hinder rabies control. Strengthening rabies elimination efforts in Ghana requires integrating community education, improved dog vaccination campaigns, accessible PEP, and coordinated One Health interventions.