Submitted:
07 January 2026
Posted:
07 January 2026
Read the latest preprint version here
Abstract
Keywords:
1. Introduction
1.1. Motivation
- External Validation: Data integrity depends on fallible, mutable middleware external to the data itself
- Coherence Latency: A temporal gap exists between data mutation and consequence propagation
- Structural Fragility: Relationships (Foreign Keys) are mere pointers, not strict causal links
- Computational Waste: Continuous validation and redundant data processing
1.2. Research Questions
1.3. Contributions
- 1.
- The G Model: A formal geometric framework for information spaces where incoherence is mathematically impossible (Section 3)
- 2.
- Four Fundamental Axioms: Formal guarantees of existence, uniqueness, acyclicity, and propagation determinism (Section 3.3)
- 3.
- SRGD Normal Forms: Five semantic normal forms extending Codd’s work to the temporal and semantic domains (Section 3.5)
- 4.
- SRGD Architecture: A practical three-layer, stateless architecture implementing the G Model (Section 4)
- 5.
- Unified Flow Pattern: A single architectural pattern for all data channels (UI, IoT, APIs, AI) ensuring universal coherence (Section 4.3)
- 6.
- RM/O Algebra: A formal model for UI objects guaranteeing local coherence before global validation (Section 5)
1.4. Paper Organization
2. Related Work
2.1. Traditional Database Systems
- Coherence is reactive (validated after attempted violation)
- Complex business rules require external triggers/procedures
- No formal propagation model for calculated values
2.2. NoSQL and NewSQL Systems
2.3. Graph Databases
- Coherence still requires external validation
- No native distinction between base and calculated values
- No formal acyclicity guarantees in the data model
2.4. Constraint Programming and Formal Methods
2.5. Type Systems and Dependent Types
2.6. Gaps in Literature
- 1.
- Intrinsic coherence where invalid data cannot exist (not just “shouldn’t”)
- 2.
- Geometric formalization of information with topological properties
- 3.
- Deterministic propagation distinguishing base from calculated data
- 4.
- Unified architecture treating all data sources (UI, IoT, APIs) identically
- 5.
- Formal algebra extending coherence guarantees to the UI layer
3. The G Model: Formal Framework
3.1. Global Information Space (G)
- (Meaning Axis): Attribute defining data nature, subject to norms
- (Location Axis): Unique identity key in the universe,
- (Connection Axis): Foreign keys establishing graph topology,
3.2. The Coherent Management Universe ()
3.3. Fundamental Axioms
- 1.
- Irreflexivity:
- 2.
- Asymmetry:
- 3.
- Acyclic Transitivity:
- If , the point is Base (source of information)
- If , the point is Calculated (dependent on vector )
3.4. Propagation Dynamics
3.5. SRGD Normal Forms
4. SRGD System Architecture
4.1. Three-Layer Transversal Architecture
4.1.1. Persistence Layer (Services Layer)
- Structure Repository (): Stores all system metadata, norms, form definitions, validation rules, and flow configurations
- Coherent Database (): Physical materialization of space G. Inviolable rule: only stores points g where
- Peripherals Registry: Catalog of connected devices (IoT sensors, printers) with communication protocols
- External Services Gateway: Manages external API configurations, field mappings, and webhook management
4.1.2. Development Layer (Business Layer)
- Receives and parses incoming requests
- Constructs optimized SQL with JOIN according to graph and aggregations (SUM, COUNT, AVG)
- Applies Coherence Operator before any write operation
- Rejects data where , ensuring only points belonging to reach persistence
- Formats outputs according to destination channel
4.1.3. Presentation Layer (User Interface)
- Mounts structures from scripts generated by business layer
- Instantiates visual objects according to RM/O model
- Marks each object with propagation determinant
- Implements Local Validation (): each object validates its own state
- Containers aggregate child validations:
- Maintains a Temporal Buffer for pending modifications (UI-only)
4.2. Stateless Request-Response Communication
4.2.1. Complete Request Lifecycle
- 1.
- UI launches request to Web Service
- 2.
- Web Service receives request (listener), opens channel
- 3.
- Opens database connection (from pool)
- 4.
- Reads in (structure repository)
- 5.
- Constructs SQL with aggregations
- 6.
- Executes SQL and receives response (already calculated)
- 7.
- Closes database connection (returns to pool)
- 8.
- Constructs response, applies if write operation
- 9.
- Sends response to UI
- 10.
- Closes communication channel
- 11.
- UI processes response
4.3. Unified Flow Architecture
- : User interface (HTML+JS)
- : Peripherals (IoT, printers, sensors)
- : External systems outbound (API calls)
- : External systems inbound (webhooks)
- : AI interaction (natural language queries)
5. RM/O Model: UI Algebraic Behavior
5.1. Visual Object Definition
- : Projected attributes from data graph
- M: Encapsulated validation methods ()
- E: Visual-operational state properties (visible, enabled, editing)
- : Declarative signals (events)
5.2. Hierarchical Coherence
5.3. Atomicity in Transfer to
5.4. Formal Properties
- Invariant 1.
- (Binary coherence)
- Invariant 2.
- (Coherence aggregation)
- Invariant 3.
- (Autonomy)
- Invariant 4.
- (Transfer atomicity)
6. Implementation and Results
6.1. Prototype Implementation
- Backend: C# / .NET Core (business layer)
- Database: SQL Server ( implementation)
- Frontend: HTML5 + JavaScript (RM/O model)
- Communication: RESTful API (stateless)
- Lines of code: ∼45,000 (backend), ∼12,000 (frontend)
- Repository: 23 meta-tables defining structures
- Test Database (): 150 base tables, ∼50 calculated views
- Complexity of H: Max depth 8 levels, avg 3.2
- Size of vectors: Avg 4.7 dependent points per base change
6.2. Experimental Validation
6.2.1. Experiment 1: Coherence Guarantee
- Operations rejected by : 10,000 (100%)
- Incoherent data in : 0 (0%)
- Validation: Axiom 1 confirmed empirically
6.2.2. Experiment 2: Propagation Efficiency
| Change Type | Avg | Total | Efficiency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple field | 2.3 | 125,000 | 99.998% savings |
| Related entity | 15.7 | 125,000 | 99.987% savings |
| Deep hierarchy | 47.2 | 125,000 | 99.962% savings |
6.2.3. Experiment 3: Stateless Scalability
| Servers | Throughput (req/s) | Scaling Factor | P95 Latency (ms) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 450 | 1.0x | 87 |
| 2 | 895 | 1.99x | 89 |
| 4 | 1,780 | 3.96x | 91 |
| 8 | 3,520 | 7.82x | 94 |
6.3. Case Study: Critical Financial System
- Positions, orders, risk exposures must be always coherent
- Propagation latency ms
- Zero tolerance for inconsistent states
- Positions and orders as ()
- Risk exposure as (, depends on )
- 47 coherence norms in (position limits, margin requirements)
- Incoherent states detected: 0
- rejections (attempted rule violations): 127
- Avg propagation time: 23ms (P95: 41ms)
- System availability: 99.97%
- Incoherent states (6 months): 14 incidents
- Avg recovery time per incident: 47 minutes
- Financial impact of incidents: €2.3M
7. Discussion
7.1. Theoretical Implications
7.2. Practical Advantages
- 1.
-
Infrastructure:
- Stateless model → Trivial horizontal scaling
- No sessions → Kubernetes-native, instant recovery
- Connection pool → Resource efficiency without complexity
- 2.
-
Critical Systems:
- Mathematically guaranteed coherence → Suitable for finance, energy, defense
- Zero incoherent states → Case study validates this
- Surgical propagation → Real-time performance maintained
- 3.
-
AI Training Data:
- Clean-by-design → Eliminates hallucination from incoherent training data
- Traceable H → Full lineage for any conclusion
- Explainable → Documents how calculated values are derived
7.3. Limitations and Future Work
- 1.
- Computational Complexity: While is much smaller than , computing for deep hierarchies can approach . Future work should explore incremental H computation.
- 2.
- Distributed : Current formalization assumes single-authority . Extending to distributed consensus (Raft, Paxos) while maintaining Axiom 1 is an open problem.
- 3.
- Temporal Queries: SRGD-FN5 addresses temporal coherence but doesn’t provide a full temporal query algebra. Integration with temporal databases [10] needs formalization.
- 1.
- Migration Complexity: Migrating existing systems to SRGD requires rethinking data models according to SRGD-FN1-5. Automated migration tools are needed.
- 2.
- Developer Mindset: Traditional developers are accustomed to imperative validation. SRGD’s declarative coherence requires training and cultural shift.
- 3.
- Performance Edge Cases: Extremely large vectors ( points) can create bottlenecks. Parallel propagation strategies need investigation.
- 1.
- Formal Verification: Use Coq or Isabelle to machine-verify Axioms 1–4 and Theorem 1.
- 2.
- Distributed G Model: Formalize extension to multi-node with eventual or strong consistency guarantees.
- 3.
- Machine Learning Integration: Explore using as training corpus for LLMs, measuring reduction in hallucinations.
- 4.
- Benchmark Suite: Develop standard benchmarks comparing SRGD against traditional RDBMS, NoSQL, and graph databases.
7.4. Comparison with Related Work
8. Conclusions
- 1.
- Coherence is achievable as an intrinsic mathematical property (answering RQ1)
- 2.
- Geometric formalization with operator and propagation vector enables efficient implementation (answering RQ2)
- 3.
- Stateless architecture with -driven flows allows practical, scalable deployment (answering RQ3)
- Trustworthy AI (clean training data)
- Critical infrastructure (mathematically guaranteed coherence)
- Cloud-native systems (stateless, Kubernetes-ready)
Appendix A. Formal Proofs
Appendix A.1. Proof of Theorem 1 (Optimal Propagation)
- 2.
- This means contains exactly the calculated points reachable from through the dependency relation.
- 3.
- By Axiom 3, the dependency graph is acyclic. Therefore, ≺ defines a partial order.
- 4.
-
A point means either:
- (), so it doesn’t depend on anything, or
- g is not reachable from through ≺, meaning no path of dependencies connects to g
- 5.
- In both cases, changing cannot affect since there’s no dependency path.
- 6.
- Therefore, only needs recalculation.
- 7.
- Since and typically , complexity is .
Appendix A.2. Proof of T2 (Impossibility of Inconsistency)
- 2.
- Suppose .
- 3.
- Then by the definition of :
- 4.
- This means (no transfer occurs for any child object).
- 5.
- By Axiom 1, only points g where can exist in .
- 6.
- Since means no value reaches the validation step, no point is even proposed to .
- 7.
- Therefore, incoherent values cannot enter , not even to be rejected.
Appendix B. SRGD vs Traditional RDBMS Feature Matrix
| Feature | Traditional RDBMS | SRGD (G Model) |
|---|---|---|
| Coherence Location | External (application layer) | Intrinsic ( operator) |
| Incoherent State Possible | Yes (temporarily) | Mathematically impossible |
| Propagation Model | Triggers (imperative) | vector (declarative) |
| Dependency Graph | Implicit | Explicit DAG (H) |
| Base vs Calculated | Not distinguished | Formal ( determinant) |
| Stateless Architecture | No (requires sessions) | Yes (by design) |
| Horizontal Scaling | Complex (session management) | Trivial (no shared state) |
| UI Coherence Model | Ad-hoc validation | Formal algebra (RM/O) |
| Multi-channel Guarantee | Per-channel logic | Unified ( for all flows) |
| Recovery Time (failure) | Minutes (session restoration) | Milliseconds (stateless) |
| Formal Axioms | None | Four (Axioms 1–4) |
| Semantic Normal Forms | 5 (syntax only: 1NF-5NF) | 10 (5 classical + 5 semantic/temporal) |
References
- Codd, E. F. A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks. Communications of the ACM 1970, 13, 377–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Date, C. J. An Introduction to Database Systems, 8th ed.; Addison-Wesley: Boston, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- DeCandia, G.; et al. Dynamo: Amazon’s Highly Available Key-value Store. ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review 2007, 41, 205–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pavlo, A.; Aslett, M. What’s Really New with NewSQL? ACM SIGMOD Record 2016, 45, 45–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Angles, R.; Gutierrez, C. Survey of Graph Database Models. ACM Computing Surveys 2008, 40, 1–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jackson, D. Software Abstractions: Logic, Language, and Analysis; MIT Press: Cambridge, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Spivey, J. M. The Z Notation: A Reference Manual, 2nd ed.; Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Paton, N. W.; Díaz, O. Active Database Systems. ACM Computing Surveys 1999, 31, 63–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pierce, B. C. Types and Programming Languages; MIT Press: Cambridge, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Jensen, C. S.; et al. The Consensus Glossary of Temporal Database Concepts. ACM SIGMOD Record 1994, 23, 52–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lamport, L. Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System. Communications of the ACM 1978, 21, 558–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hellerstein, J. M.; Stonebraker, M.; Hamilton, J. Architecture of a Database System. Foundations and Trends in Databases 2007, 1, 141–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abiteboul, S.; Hull, R.; Vianu, V. Foundations of Databases; Addison-Wesley: Boston, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Kleppmann, M. Designing Data-Intensive Applications; O’Reilly Media: Sebastopol, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Robinson, I.; Webber, J.; Eifrem, E. Graph Databases: New Opportunities for Connected Data, 2nd ed.; O’Reilly Media: Sebastopol, 2015. [Google Scholar]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).