Analytical Assessment of Environmental Noise in High- or Low-Risk Neonatal Wards and Neonatal Intensive Care Units

This study analyzed environmental noise in neonatal hospital units, including low- and high-risk nurseries and neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Continuous 24-hour measurements over ten days showed that average sound levels significantly exceeded international recommendations, with peaks up to 92.7 dB (p < 0.05). Hourly LAeq values often reached or surpassed 65 dB, with more than 20% of daily recordings above this limit and, in some cases, over 50%. Heatmaps revealed recurrent patterns: high-risk nurseries showed peaks during late morning and afternoon, low-risk nurseries at night, and NICUs maintained elevated levels throughout the day. Main noise sources were alarms, medical equipment, and staff or visitor activity. The Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) suggested associations between noise and neonatal discomfort. Overall, up to 60% of noise could be reduced through architectural, technological, and organizational measures, underscoring the need for hospital policies that protect neonatal neurosensory health. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for designing quieter neonatal care environments.