Analysis of the Use of Author Keywords and IEEE Terms in IEEE Xplore Data to Identify Current Research Topics in Energy Technology and Existing Limitations

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results and Discussion

Conferences Publications

IEEE Terms

General Characteristics of IEEE Terms in Bibliometric Records of Conference Proceedings

Of the total number of records, 6,000, 304 records do not have IEEE Terms filled in.

The total number of unique IEEE keywords in the IEEE Terms field after lemmatization: 2938.

The total number of times IEEE Terms appeared in abstract texts: 106910.

The total number of unique IEEE Terms found in the abstract texts: 2191.

Percentage of unique IEEE Terms founded in the abstract texts among all unique IEEE Terms: 100*2191/2938=74.6%.

The average number of times a unique IEEE Term appears in all abstracts: 106910/2191=48.8.

To generate new requests for material collection, the most interesting terms are those that appear most frequently in publications, are taken from frequently cited publications, and appear in later publications. Examples of the 20 publications with the highest scores are presented in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3.

The most frequently occurring terms in the general set of abstract texts reflect the most common and frequently discussed issues. Publications on such issues are not necessarily the most highly cited. There are simply many works on them, or they describe the general context of publications, for example, reflecting the relevance of the topic.

The Internet of Things (IoT) can be used to monitor energy consumption in solar-powered buildings. Its purpose is to provide real-time data to support energy efficiency. A Wi-Fi-enabled device is proposed that allows daily and weekly energy consumption studies to be conducted, enabling consumers to implement energy-saving measures. This is an affordable solution, as traditional systems can be costly and complex [21].

The study [22] examines hydrogen energy storage (HES) systems for long-term and large-scale energy storage, focusing on their high energy density, long-term storage, and adaptability to the energy system. It highlights system optimization challenges, energy management strategies, and economic viability, as well as emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning. The study also discusses advances in battery technologies and HES methods.

The paper [23] evaluates the technical and economic impacts of a microgrid at the building level. It considers photovoltaic generation, battery energy storage, and electric vehicle use. Using real on-site data, it quantifies system efficiencies and provides insights into microgrid design and implementation. The study found that economic benefits depend on tariff variability, energy storage system costs, degradation, and equipment efficiency. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of real on-site data in calculating overall asset efficiencies.

The topic of renewable energy is widely promoted at the political level and supported by incentives for investment. For the effective use of renewable energy, the key issues at present are solutions for large-scale energy storage and optimization of its distribution not only at the national level, but also at the local level. The most discussed solutions to these problems are the use of hydrogen generated by renewable sources and the introduction of smart microgrids capable of implementing efficient energy consumption and distribution in real time. It is assumed that the effective operation of microgrids will be achieved through the use of the Internet of Things. This is reflected in the above publications.

Table 2. Top 20 IEEE Terms related to the most cited conference materials.

Table 2. Top 20 IEEE Terms related to the most cited conference materials.

IEEE_Terms	AVG	IEEE_Terms	AVG
Phase shifters	90	Bitcoin	22.5
Frequency division multiplexing	80	Metallization	22
Computer crashes	44	Passivation	22
Industrial control	44	Program processors	21
Malware	44	Aerospace control	20
Switched mode power supplies	28	Ground penetrating radar	20
IEEE 802.15 Standard	26	Sidelink	20
Precoding	24.5	Downlink	18.3
Quality of experience	24	Access control	18
Electron accelerators	23	Authorization	18

Note: AVG field is calculated as the average citation count of articles to which this term refers (Article_Citation_Count).

The table shows that terms related to engineering solutions are most frequently used in the most cited publications. The first two terms, Phase shifters, Frequency division multiplexing, are more directly related to technical tasks, while the following terms, Computer crashes, Industrial control and Malware, refer to the reliability and security of their operation at the system level.

Below are examples of articles that use the first two terms from the table.

Phase shift spatial multiplexing has recently emerged as an effective multiple-input multiple-output technology with reduced radio frequency chains. The paper [24] proposes a new PSSM system with superposition coded modulation, which introduces a flexible extension of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations in the baseband, significantly improving bit error rate performance.

The paper [25] investigates a novel, low RF-chain technique called phase-shifter-aided spatial multiplexing (PSSM) in the context of frequency-selective channels. Based on the concept of single-carrier frequency-domain equalization, the authors developed a message-passing detector tailored specifically for PSSM systems. This detector efficiently leverages prior constraints and handles the linear inverse problem by integrating belief propagation and expectation propagation.

The publications listed above refer to 2025; their citation rates have not yet been established.

The following publication is recommended for the second part of the listed keywords.

In order to ensure the resilience and security of the power grid, it is necessary to identify security vulnerabilities in power electronic devices. Fuzzing is an effective technique for detecting security flaws in software and firmware. It involves subjecting the system under test to a series of unexpected inputs, which can result in unexpected behavior, such as system crashes. However, new methods are needed to detect the unexpected behavior of power electronic devices during fuzzing. In [26] the authors verify the use of electromagnetic waves to detect silent system crashes in power electronic devices, with the aim of advancing fuzzing in this field.

According to IEEE Xplore, this article has been cited three times. This information is current as of September 27, 2025.

Table 3. Top 20 IEEE Terms related to the most recent conference materials.

Table 3. Top 20 IEEE Terms related to the most recent conference materials.

IEEE Terms	IEEE Terms
Electronic packaging thermal management	Superconducting microwave devices
Message services	Switched reluctance motors
Fly ash	Chip scale packaging
Streams	Phase locked loops
Root mean square	Biosensors
Transport protocols	Laser fusion
Space-air-ground integrated networks	Radio spectrum management
Phase change memory	Space missions
Sparse matrices	Space communications
Gravitational waves	Quantum cryptography

Due the highly specific nature of the terms listed in the table, here are some examples of recent publications that mention the term Electronic packaging thermal management.

The study [27] focuses on the preparation of high-performance graphite film/aluminum composites and diamond/aluminum composites for in-plane and isotropic high thermal conductivity requirements, exploring the impact of magnesium and silicon elements on thermal conductivity and mechanical characteristics.

Wireless technology and electronic device miniaturization have increased power density, posing challenges to thermal management. Efficient thermal interface materials (TIMs) are needed for stable thermal performance in compact devices. The 2025 review [28] analyzes TIMs used in electronic packaging cooling, focusing on nano-enhanced phase change materials (NePCMs) that combine high latent heat with superior thermal conductivity.

The article [29] was published on August 20, 2025. Its popularity was assessed based on the number of views it received. Current as of September 6. The use of wide bandgap semiconductors such as SiC and GaN offers effective methods for minimizing thermal losses caused by conduction losses in high-frequency switching topologies. Advancements in high-power density devices and innovative cooling systems like phase change materials and nanofluids show potential for enhanced heat dissipation in power electronics, with improved designs enabling more efficient thermal management.

The topic of electronic packaging thermal management is a classic one, and it can be assumed that nano-enhanced phase change materials (NePCMs) may serve as an emerging area of interest for research.

Author Keywords

The author’s keywords could be spelled differently, so they had to be converted to lowercase, lemmatized. The text was cleaned up by removing various types of quotation marks, unnecessary punctuation, and symbols, such as copyright symbols. Different types of separators in complex words were converted to hyphens. The abstract texts underwent the same preparation. Some changes had to be made manually, for example, k-mean++ algorithm → k-mean\+\+ algorithm.

General Characteristics of Author Keywords in Bibliometric Records of Conference Proceedings

Of the total number of records, 6,000, 653 records do not have Author Keywords filled in.

The total number of unique Author Keywords in the Author Keywords field after lemmatization: 13249.

The total number of times Author Keywords appeared in abstract texts: 247683.

The total number of unique Author Keywords found in the abstract texts: 7719.

Percentage of unique Author Keywords founded in the abstract texts among all unique Author Keywords: 100* 7719/13249=58.3%.

The average number of times a unique Author Keywords appears in all abstracts: 247683/7719=32.1.

The Author Keywords field is less populated than the IEEE Terms field.

The relative frequency of unique Author Keywords in the abstract texts is lower than that of IEEE Terms.

Note: Without preprocessing the authors’ keywords and abstracts texts, the above values would be significantly lower. Therefore, works in which authors’ keywords are used to evaluate keyword extraction methods raise doubts. This issue requires further detailed research and is therefore not discussed here.

To generate new queries for collecting materials, it is useful to examine the author keywords that appear most frequently in publications, are related to publications with high citation rates, and appear in more recent publications. This is reflected in Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6.

When selecting keywords for their publications, authors consider not only the content of the article but also its broader relevance. Therefore, the terms renewable energy, energy efficiency, internet of things, smart grid and energy storage accurately reflect this context for articles presented at conferences and collected in the IEEE Xplore database under the topic “energy AND technology.”

One example of a well-cited work published in the IEEE Xplore database is the article [30]. The paper discusses the integration of renewable energy sources into smart grid systems, highlighting the need for a holistic solution that includes real-time energy monitoring, smart algorithms for energy management, and cloud computing for data analysis. Simulation results show that distributed IoT systems can improve smart grid practices by reducing energy transportation losses, ensuring AC grid stability, and integrating renewable energy potential.

An example of a review that reveals a number of aspects related to the keywords listed in Table 4 and indexed in the ScienceDirect database is the work [31]. The integration of blockchain and IoT in smart grids can improve energy management, security, and operational efficiency. Blockchain ensures secure transactions without centralized authorities, while IoT allows real-time data collection and monitoring. These technologies address cybersecurity, data security, and network security challenges. By leveraging smart contracts and consensus algorithms, they enhance grid resilience and privacy, providing robust solutions for distributed energy resources and decentralized energy markets.

The review [32] in the MDPI database addresses this topic. This article analyzes existing research on energy management in smart cities, identifying technological trends and highlighting future directions. It uses a literature review of Scopus and Web of Science databases to evaluate studies. Future research should focus on smart energy grids, energy storage, renewable energy integration, and innovative technologies like the Internet of Things, 5G/6G, artificial intelligence, blockchain, and digital twins.

Table 5. Top 20 author keywords related to the most cited conference materials.

Table 5. Top 20 author keywords related to the most cited conference materials.

Author Keywords	AVG	Author Keywords	AVG
process in memory	131	heuristic algorithm	34
accelerator	131	client selection	34
proof-of-stake	54	global energy demand	29
climate action	54	plan renewable energy project	29
dram	46.67	target	29
malware	44	bio-mass power plant	29
apt	44	carbon footprint	28
car park	37	amr	28
time save	37	precision farm	28
internet layer	37	reproducibility	28

Even among the author’s keywords that appear most frequently in the cited texts, there are many common terms such as accelerator, climate action, drama, malware. In order to find more specific and interesting publication topics, let’s select the author’s keywords: process in memory and heuristic algorithm. Upon exact request “process in memory” AND “heuristic algorithm” to IEEE Xplore no publications were found. However, since heuristic algorithms are used in many engineering solutions, it was decided to examine which highly cited publications containing the term “heuristic algorithm” have been indexed in IEEE Xplore in recent years. Interestingly, all three publications selected according to these criteria and published in conference proceedings contained the term “Meta-Heuristic Algorithm” in their titles.

The paper [33] introduces a Sine Cosine hybrid optimization algorithm with Modified Whale Optimization Algorithm (SCMWOA) for solving continuous and binary decision variables. The SCMWOA algorithm outperforms other algorithms and offers better accuracy.

The article [34] explores an energy-efficient distributed no-wait flow-shop scheduling problem with sequence-dependent setup time (DNWFSP-SDST) to minimize makespan and total energy consumption. It constructs a mixed-integer linear programming model and proposes a cooperative meta-heuristic algorithm based on Q-learning (CMAQ). The article also proposes an energy-saving strategy based on knowledge to improve makespan and TEC.

The study [35] presents a novel method for detecting oral cancer in medical images using a convolutional neural network and optimized deep belief network. The algorithm, a hybrid of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Al-Biruni Earth Radius (BER) Optimization, optimizes the design parameters of the CNN and DBN.

Table 6. Top 20 author keywords related to the most recent conference materials.

Table 6. Top 20 author keywords related to the most recent conference materials.

Author Keywords	Author Keywords
programmable delay cell	future grid
multi-resolution	software-define wire sensor network
conversion time	smart energy meter system
energy/ conversion	short message service
accuracy fom	multi-modal technology
high-entropy alloy	ai-drive decision-make
electronic application	real-time feedback
supergrid	ultra-low latency
ac-dc energy node	synchronization
hvdc grid	human-machine interaction

The author’s keywords, which characterize more recent publications, reveal many common terms among them: multi-resolution, conversion time, energy/ conversion, accuracy fom.

Therefore, as in the previous case, let’s limit ourselves to publications in IEEE Xplore that contain the term “programmable delay cell” in the title. There were no such publications in 2025, but one publication each was found for 2023 and 2024.

The work [36] introduces an all-digital differential programmable delay circuit for time domain applications, including time-to-digital converters and temperature sensors. The circuit offers eight delay modes and occupies 0.0072 mm2 layout area.

The work [37] presents a 90-nm CMOS programmable delay cell with eight modes, a stable output, and a low power consumption of 0.671 μW at M0 and 3.88 μW at M7, despite occupying only 0.009 mm of space.

A subjective assessment suggests that the author’s keywords may not be the most effective for searching for new, specific, and relevant topics. Conducting a separate study to identify key terms from titles and abstracts, followed by a study akin to the current one, could be beneficial. Additionally, it has been observed that commonly occurring terms tend to be more general, whereas terms that appear frequently in highly cited, recent publications tend to be more specialized.

Journals

IEEE Terms

General Characteristics of IEEE Terms in Bibliometric Records of Journal Articles

Of the total number of records, 6,000, 22 records do not have IEEE Terms filled in.

The total number of unique IEEE keywords in the IEEE Terms field after lemmatization: 3137.

The total number of times IEEE Terms appeared in abstract texts: 118360.

The total number of unique IEEE Terms found in the abstract texts: 1998.

Percentage of unique IEEE Terms founded in the abstract texts among all unique IEEE Terms: 100*1998/3137=63.7%.

The average number of times a unique IEEE Term appears in all abstracts: 118360/1998=59.2.

Compared to unique IEEE terms in conference proceedings, the percentage of unique IEEE terms found in journal article records in abstract texts is lower, but they occur more frequently.

Table 7, Table 8 and Table 9 show the top 20 IEEE terms that are most frequently encountered in general, most frequently encountered in highly cited publications, and most frequently encountered in new publications, respectively.

By looking at the dominant themes of publications on energy and technology in the IEEE context, it becomes apparent that the optimization of everything listed below this term in the table appears in numerous articles.

Optimization, Internet of Things, Energy consumption, Wireless communication, Resource management, Energy efficiency, since the topic described by these terms is very broad, lets limit ourselves to three examples from the IEEE Xplore database that are most relevant to the interests outlined in this article and related to these terms.

The study [38] explores a resource allocation scheme to reduce energy consumption in relay-assisted IoT networks. A joint optimization problem is formulated, considering scheduling IoT devices, transmit power allocation, and computation frequency allocation. Using graph theory, near-optimal and low-complexity suboptimal solutions are proposed. Simulations show that the near-optimal scheme achieves 6, 4 and 2 times lower energy consumption compared to fixed schemes.

Intelligent Reflective Surface is a technology that improves the spectral and energy efficiency of wireless networks. By adjusting the phase shifts, it enables high gain passive beamforming, improving spectral efficiency. The research objective [39] was to maximize energy efficiency by optimizing the phase shifters, beamformer, time allocation and transmit power while ensuring minimum rate requirements. An alternating optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the nonlinear fractional programming problem. Simulation results show that IRS can improve the system performance compared with benchmarks.

The integration of autonomous aerial vehicles (UAVs) and low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites is beneficial for IoT task processing due to the ability to overcome ground network coverage issues [40]. In this paper, energy-efficient resource allocation in LEO-enabled UAV networks is considered. A novel ORHCC optimization algorithm is proposed to optimize trajectories and hover points of UAVs, improving endurance and minimizing energy consumption. Results show 12.5% and 20.76% reduction in energy consumption compared to the proximal policy-based optimization and the greedy baseline algorithm.

Table 8. Top 20 IEEE terms related to the most cited articles in journals.

Table 8. Top 20 IEEE terms related to the most cited articles in journals.

IEEE Terms	AVG	IEEE Terms	AVG
Resource description framework	769	Dielectric losses	166.75
User interfaces	594	Augmented reality	166
Semiconductor devices	562	Satellite communication	162
Mars	491	Fuel cell vehicles	162
Ubiquitous computing	459	Medical Internet of Things	155
Biology	306	Focusing	153.5
Backhaul	286	Nash equilibrium	153
Rural areas	286	Conductivity measurement	143
Torque control	176	Haptic interfaces	142
Androids	173	Message passing	140.5

The most interesting terms in this table are likely to be: Resource description framework, Ubiquitous computing. Below are examples of three publications that reflect some aspects of this topic.

The article [41] presents a new, asymptotically optimal, fully decentralized, real-time framework for IoT networks, integrating wireless computation offloading and fog computing. It addresses challenges in data-intensive applications and provides ubiquitous computing for continuously increasing IoT services.

The paper [42] explores a new ontology-based approach for controlling the behavior of Edge Computing devices. It proposes utilizing ontology reasoning mechanisms on resource-constrained Edge devices, enabling on-the-fly function modifications, ad-hoc monitoring of intermediate data, and interoperability within IoT. The solution is demonstrated through an ontology-driven Smart Home edge device for locating lost items.

The study [43] extends a logic-based methodology for clustering data in Resource Description Frameworks (RDFs) by computing a Common Subsumer structure. The method was tested on two datasets: public procurement and drugs in pharmacology. Both datasets provided concise descriptions of clusters with up to 1800 resources.

Taking into account the terms selected from the table and the summary of the three articles presented above, the following topics for research can be proposed. The development of intelligent frameworks for edge data management focuses on three key areas: 1) Decentralized intelligence, which shifts computation to the network’s edge for enhanced efficiency, 2) semantic understanding, which employs knowledge-based models to give meaning to data, and 3) enhanced IoT capabilities, which are aimed at addressing challenges like data handling, device interoperability, and insightful data extraction.

Table 9. Top 20 IEEE Terms related to the most recent journal articles.

Table 9. Top 20 IEEE Terms related to the most recent journal articles.

IEEE Terms	IEEE Terms
Systematic literature review	Resonance
Cables	Closed box
Smart charging	Digital audio players
Fast Fourier transforms	Petri nets
Torque measurement	IEEE 802.16 Standard
Tracking loops	Curve fitting
Piezoelectric effect	Predictive analytics
Optical mixing	Proof of stake
Silicon dioxide	Nuclear imaging
Lead zirconate titanate	Photosynthesis

In this case, lets try to answer just one question: “Why has the topic of Systematic literature review become so popular in recent publications?”

Given that the publication type Systematic literature review has a very specific meaning, the search for such reviews in IEEE Xplore was performed based on the exact match of “Systematic literature review” in the publication title and the terms energy and technology in the metadata. Publications listed in this database for 2025–2026 were considered. Current as of September 9, 2025. A total of 9 publications were found, which were ranked by number of views. A brief description of three of them is provided below.

Industry 4.0 has accelerated manufacturing by introducing innovative technologies like supervised machine learning to anticipate equipment failures and optimize maintenance schedules. The [44] study presents a systematic literature review of 216 peer-reviewed papers, focusing on a structured taxonomy of predictive maintenance methods in safety-critical industries, highlighting their domain-specific usage.

Source number estimation is crucial in multi-sensor array signal processing, essential for radar, sonar, wireless communication, and astronomy applications. This review [45] outlines traditional methods and recent advancements. Variables like noise background, signal-to-noise ratio, snapshot number, array manifold, and element number significantly impact algorithm performance. The review suggests future research, particularly deep learning techniques, and addresses unresolved challenges and gaps in current studies.

The systematic literature review [46] examines how artificial intelligence (AI) can improve smart grid stability. It evaluates 41 studies using machine learning, deep learning, neural networks, and explainable AI. Findings show AI enhances grid stability through predictive capabilities and adaptive controls. Challenges include scalability, data privacy, model interpretability, while opportunities lie in hybrid models and blockchain integration.

Scientific publications in the systematic literature review (SLR) format are crucial because they provide comprehensive syntheses of research in rapidly evolving fields such as Industry 4.0, multi-sensor signal processing, and AI in smart grids. SLRs systematically summarize complex studies, reveal methodological taxonomies, and identify challenges and research gaps. They also support evidence-based decision-making for technology deployment.

Author Keywords

General Characteristics of Author Keywords in Bibliometric Records of Journal Articles

Of the total number of records, 6,000, 653 records do not have Author Keywords filled in.

The total number of unique Author Keywords in the Author Keywords field after lemmatization: 16677.

The total number of times Author Keywords appeared in abstract texts: 221149.

The total number of unique Author Keywords found in the abstract texts: 6055.

Percentage of unique Author Keywords founded in the abstract texts among all unique Author Keywords: 100*6055/16677=36.3%.

The average number of times a unique Author Keywords appears in all abstracts: 221149/6055=36.5.

It seems that authors of scientific articles are less guided by the frequency of keywords in abstracts than authors of conference proceedings. This is also a topic that deserves separate research.

Table 10, Table 11 and Table 12 show the top 20 Author Keywords that are most frequently encountered in general, most frequently encountered in highly cited publications, and most frequently encountered in new publications, respectively.

As in previous cases, the most frequently occurring author keywords are mainly general in nature: energy efficiency, internet of thing, energy harvest, blockchain, machine learn. To find a more interesting option for exploring the topic of technology for energy, consider publications found using keywords deep reinforcement learn and smart grid in IEEE Xplore.

The growing reliance on renewable energy and flexible loads in smart grids poses challenges to optimizing power systems due to high levels of uncertainty. While traditional optimization methods require accurate mathematical models, advanced meters allow for data-driven artificial intelligence methods. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has gained attention for its performance in solving problems with high uncertainty. The article [47] provides a comprehensive literature review of DRL and its applications in smart grid operations. It identifies challenges and potential solutions and suggests future research directions. It is worth noting that at the time of the database query on September 9, 2025, the publication had 84 Cites in Papers and 19,487 Full Text Views.

The paper [48] presents a deep reinforcement learning framework for enhancing resiliency in smart power grids against cyber-physical disturbances. The framework, based on the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient algorithm, is optimized using the Root Mean Square Propagation method for stable training. It features a two-layered control architecture, a comprehensive reward design, and a resiliency adaptation layer for rapid response to disturbances and cyber-attacks. The framework offers a scalable and intelligent solution for enhancing smart grid resiliency.

Smart meters are crucial for energy management, but fraudulent customers can compromise them, leading to cyber-attacks. To combat this, a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach is proposed [49]. This method uses RL’s adaptability to dynamic cyber-attacks and consumption patterns, enabling optimal decision-making. Experiments show the DRL approach improves detection of electricity theft cyber-attacks and efficiently defends against new attacks.

The application of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) in smart grid systems is explored, focusing on optimization, resilience, and cybersecurity. Key research areas include data-driven control for renewable energy variability, tailored DRL algorithms for grid operations, enhancing power system resilience against cyber-attacks, and real-time fraud detection in smart metering.

Table 11. Top 20 author keywords related to the most cited articles in journals.

Table 11. Top 20 author keywords related to the most cited articles in journals.

Author Keywords	AVG	Author Keywords	AVG
intelligent communication environment	962	ai/ml drive air interface	594
pervasive artificial intelligence	962	network localization and sense	594
network automation	962	cognitive spectrum share	594
all-spectrum reconfigurable transceiver	962	sub-terahertz	594
internet of nanothings	962	run-core convergence	594
internet of bionanothings	962	subnetwork	594
df relay	769	network as a platform	594
massive connectivity	629	passive array	562
datum rate	621	phase shift model	562
passive array optimization	595	quantum communication	506.5

It should be noted that the topics of the internet of nanothings and the internet of bionanothings are highly specialized and therefore require separate consideration. Therefore, only one review will be considered [50]. Advances in synthetic biology and nanotechnology have led to the development of tools for manipulating biological cells, allowing for the creation of Bio-Nanothings — small, inconspicuous devices suitable for in-vivo applications such as health monitoring and targeted drug delivery. These nano-scale devices can form a collaborative network (nanonetwork) when connected to external high-bandwidth networks like 5G. This paper reviews bio-cyber interfaces for IoBNT architecture, discussing options such as bio-electronic devices and RFID-enabled implants, while addressing potential vulnerabilities and mitigation strategies for future implementations.

Previously, no publications were reviewed for the query “all-spectrum reconfigurable transceiver” thus let us focus on this task.

All-Spectrum Reconfigurable Transceivers are devices capable of operating with any wireless standard through software updates, while covering the entire radio frequency range. This is the idealized solution for wireless communications.

A precise search of databases on the topic “all-spectrum reconfigurable transceiver” yielded no results. Therefore, similar publications will be found from all three databases, with an emphasis on semantic similarity and citation frequency.

IEEE Xplore: The paper [51] introduces a reconfigurable bidirectional wireless power and data transceiver (RB-WPDT) for wearable biomedical applications. It supports full-duplex data transmission via a single inductive link, allowing real-time control and monitoring between devices. The full-duplex method uses frequency shift-keying pulse-width modulation for downlink and load shift-keying for uplink, ensuring simultaneous bidirectional data transmission with minimal interference.

ScienceDirect: The research [52] introduces a reconfigurable antenna capable of operating in multiple frequency ranges and supporting various wireless communication uses, including 5G sub-6 GHz. The antenna uses strategically placed varactor diodes for frequency changes and pattern reversal, enhancing its ability to adapt to the dynamic needs of wireless networks. The paper investigates and evaluates five operating modes based on varactor diode switching conditions.

MDPI: The paper [53] discusses the use of reconfigurable antennas for IoT applications, focusing on electrical reconfiguration techniques. It reviews various approaches, including PIN diodes, digital tunable capacitors (DTCs), varactor diodes, and RF switches, and categorizes them based on their implementation. These antennas can adapt their frequency, radiation pattern, or polarization to meet changing requirements.

The articles focus on the development of reconfigurable wireless communication systems, emphasizing dynamic reconfigurable antennas for 5G and IoT, bidirectional transceivers for wearable biomedical devices, and electrical reconfiguration techniques such as varactor diodes and RF switches that support adaptive operations in various environments.

Table 12. Top 20 author keywords related to the most recent articles in journals.

Table 12. Top 20 author keywords related to the most recent articles in journals.

Author Keywords	Author Keywords
energy-use right trade system	normalize step response matrix
psm-did	discrete map
green technology innovation motivation	power system plan and economic
onboard energy storage system	long-duration storage system
train trajectory	valuation of emergent technology
reversible solid oxide cell	peer-to-peer system
seaport energy-logistic dispatch	peer-to-peer energy resource share
green vehicle	rural community
integrate energy	techno-economic assessment
superposition principle	optimization methodology

Given that many terms in this table are general in nature, such as train trajectory, green vehicle, integrate energy, superposition principle, lets choose a term that reflects a relatively new and promising research topic: onboard energy storage system.

IEEE Xplore: The article [54] explores the use of onboard energy storage systems (OESS) in modern railway systems to reduce energy consumption. It highlights the lack of intelligent energy management considering regenerative braking energy utilization. The article also explores the stochastic characteristics of regenerative braking power in railway power networks, aiming to optimize train trajectory while utilizing OESS.

IEEE Xplore: The study [55] develops an energy management system for an onboard energy storage system in a railway traction system, aiming to control the state of charge of a supercapacitor for regenerative braking energy. The control strategy is designed using model predictive control (MPC), and simulation results show its effectiveness compared to Proportional Integral and Fuzzy Logic controllers.

ScienceDirect: The study [56] focuses on the China Railways High-Speed 5 Electric Multiple Unit and proposes a mathematical model and capacity optimization method for an on-board energy storage system using lithium batteries and supercapacitors. It establishes a model considering electrical characteristics, weight, and volume, and proposes an energy management strategy to address energy consumption and power quality issues. The capacity optimization uses a bi-level programming model, considering constraints like train load and space.

All three studies share the theme of optimizing energy consumption in railway systems.

Conclusions

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