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A Palynological Atlas of the Amazon canga Vegetation

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25 March 2025

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26 March 2025

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Abstract
Canga formations are ancient ecosystems characterized by high levels of endemic and threatened plant species that thrive on iron-rich substrates in the Southeastern Amazon uplands. Recent taxonomic validation of these species enables more accurate distribution modeling across past, present, and future time scales.This work presents a comprehensive palynological database for the Amazon canga vegetation, resulting from extensive field and herbarium surveys, as well as the compilation and taxonomic validation of species in the Carajás Mountain Region (CMR). The atlas includes 204 plant species: 10 ferns and lycophytes, 62 monocots, and 132 eudicots and magnoliids, mainly herbs, lianas, and trees. Most flowering plants are pollinated by bees, with secondary pollination by insects and wind. The taxa co-occur in two geoenvironments: (1) forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols and (2) slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols. Seventeen species are potential domesticates used by indigenous peoples. This highlights canga vegetation as a unique and diverse ecosystem with various survival strategies, emphasizing the need for precise habitat definitions in paleoenvironmental and paleoclimate reconstructions. The atlas provides a valuable reference for palynological studies, enhancing vegetation reconstruction, climate history analysis, pre-Columbian influences on vegetation patterns, and ecological monitoring.
Keywords: 
Canga vegetation
;  
Carajás
;  
palynology
;  
Amazonia
;  
pollen
;  
spores
Subject: 
Environmental and Earth Sciences  -   Environmental Science

1. Introduction

Amazonia is often cited as having the most diverse flora on the planet [1,2,3], which includes mountain areas with small surface area but with a fascinating endemism [4]. However, these regions are seriously threatened by extensive land use and land cover changes that have occurred over the past few decades [5,6]. In fact, the flora of these areas presents a great variety of endangered, endemic and rare taxa in conjunction with species diversity representing a highly relevant reserve of biodiversity for the global prioritization of conservation efforts [7], defined as Key Biodiversity Areas – KBAs [8].
From the 149 KBAs identified within the Amazon Rainforest biome, Carajás Mountain Range – CMR, in the southeastern Amazonia presents 10 rare species [9]. The CMR hosts one of the largest mineral provinces in the world [10], with mountain tops covered by herbaceous and shrubby montane savanna (canga vegetation) associated with lateritic outcrops at 600-800m altitude, which are surrounded by rainforests on mountain slopes [11,12]. Canga vegetation occupied an area of 144.2 km2 in the CMR in 1973, before the implementation of the Carajás N4-N5 open pit mines and up to 2016, 22 km2 of canga vegetation was suppressed in response to iron ore exploitation [13]. Analogous to the south-western Australian Banded Iron Formations (BIFs), the canga formations in Brazil are considered ancient ecosystems, characterized by a rich flora associated with the weathering of the iron-rich substrate [14,15,16,17]. In both countries, such areas provide unique island-like environments with high levels of species turnover between different sites, high levels of endemism and rare geographically restricted species [16,17,18,19,20].
Based on a huge effort for collect, compile, and taxonomic validation of plant species from 2015 to 2018 during the Flora of Carajás project, a certified list of 856 species of seed plants and 186 species of ferns and lycophytes were made available online [16,17]. From these lists, three monotypic genera and thirty-eight species were reported as endemic [4]. This presents a significant opportunity to create a comprehensive palynological database for the Amazon canga vegetation. Indeed, a certified pollen database integrated by a precise morphological description favored the development of palynotaxonomic (Convolvulaceae; [21] Poaceae; [22], melissopalynological (Honey pollen samples of Melipona seminigra pernigra Moure & Kerr 1950; [23]), pollen loads from bee specimens deposited in biological collections [24], and paleoecological (lake sediments; [25,26,27,28,29,30]. Pollen and spores from bat guano found in the Carajás caves [31,32] enhance our understanding of the area's ecology. However, significant effort is needed for identification at the lowest taxonomic levels. This is highly necessary to (1) develop accurate pollen interaction networks based on floral visitors, (2) precisely describe the paleobiogeographic patterns of canga vegetation, and (3) model Quaternary paleohydrology and paleoclimate based on palynological data. Consequently, this work aims to create an illustrated and descriptive pollen atlas, serving as a valuable tool for researchers worldwide who wish to further explore the palynology of Amazon canga vegetation.

Study Area

The CMR is situated in the Carajás Mineral Province (Figure 1a, b), i.e., is a major Neoarchean tectonic province of the Amazonian Craton, where banded iron formations and metavolcano-sedimentary sequences represent the middle-upper geological succession of this province [33]. The iron-rich deposits were formed during successive weathering events of these rocks in the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition, which occurred under humid paleoclimate conditions allowing the formation of extensive mature lateritic profiles [34,35].
These crusts contain a variety of geoenvironments with unique geological, geomorphological, and pedological characteristics, which influence nutrient availability and energy flows within an essentially open system [12], as follow (Figure 1 b-d): (1) slopes with rupestrian canga vegetation over plinthosols, (2) forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, (3) poorly drained depressions and levels covered by grasslands over plinthosols and histosols, as well as, (4) doliniform lakes with organic mud sediment at the bottom.
The climate is characterized by two distinct seasons: a rainy season and a dry season [38]. During the rainy season, which lasts from November to May, total rainfall ranges from 1,545 mm to 1,863 mm. In contrast, the dry season, occurring from June to October, receives between 159 mm and 321 mm of rainfall. The average recorded temperature is 27.2 °C, with a minimum of 26.6 °C in January and a maximum of 28.1 °C in September [39].

2. Material and Methods

The examined specimens are stored in the herbaria of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), Bioparque Vale Amazônia (HCJS), and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA). Mature flower buds were extracted from the exsiccate collections and treated using standard pollen preparation methods. This included extracting flower buds before anthesis from duplicate specimens, followed by fixation in acetic acid and acetolysis [40]. For light microscopy, the pollen was mounted in glycerol jelly and sealed with paraffin [40,41]. All prepared slides were deposited in the Palinoteca of the Instituto Tecnológico Vale (PALIITV). Subsequently, the grains were examined, measured, and photographed using a Zeiss AXIO Imager M2 microscope with a Pan-APOCHROMAT 20x, 40x and 100x objective. The descriptive palynology terminology used in this study follows [42].
Main morphological parameters are abbreviated, as follows: polar diameter (P); equatorial diameter (E) or simply diameter (D). The types are grouped into Ferns and Lycophytes, Monocots, Eudicots and Magnoliids. Within each group, plant families are alphabetically organized according to [43] and [44], as well as their corresponding Species. Species names, life forms and habitats were verified by consulting the Brazilian Species database of the Flora of Carajás project [16] and REFLORA [45]. The geoenvironments terminology of [12] were applied according to the habitats and geographic coordinates of each species available in the cited database. Pollination syndromes according to [46], degree of domestication [47] and main uses [48] were also included (Table S1).

3. Results

Ferns and Lycophytes present 10 species, 8 genera, and 5 families of the Polypodiales Link, Hort. BTerol., and 2 species of Isoëtales Prantl, Lehrb. Monocots are represented by 6 orders, encompassing 12 families, 36 genera, and 63 species. Magnoliids order is only represented by 2 species and genera of the Annonaceae Juss. Eudicots are the most representative of this pollen atlas with 130 Species, 91 genera, and 38 families. Table S1 provides a summary of the plant species from the canga vegetation whose pollen and spore grains are described in this atlas.

Description of Spores and Pollen

FERNS AND LYCOPHYTES
Order: Polypodiales Link
Family: Aspleniaceae Newman
Species: Asplenium serratum L. (Figure 2: 1-2)
Herbarium number: HCJS 1548
Description: Spores single, bilaterally symmetrical, elliptical and with rounded ends; monolete, laesura straight, margo narrow; sclerine ~ 3µm thick, exospore distinct, laevigate to scabrate with thin and irregular undulating membrane, resembling a hamulate pattern. E: 50.6-56 µm; P: 29-39 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Order: Polypodiales Link
Family: Blechnaceae Newman
Species: Blechnum polypodioides Raddi (Figure 2: 3-4)
Herbarium number: HCJS 4365
Description: Spores single, bilaterally symmetrical, elliptical and with rounded ends; monolete, laesura straight, margo 2–3 µm thick, protruding; exospore laevigate to microreticulate. E: 36-47.6 µm; P: 28-34 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Family: Dennstaedtiaceae Lotsyaz
Species: Pteridium esculentum (G. Forst.) Cockayne (Figure 2: 5-6)
Herbarium number: BHCB 601
Description: Spores single, heteropolar, elliptical and with rounded ends; monolete, laesura indistinct; exospore 1.5-2.4 thick, densely rugulate. E: 34-41 µm; P: 30.4-35 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Upland anthropic areas.
Order: Isoëtales C.Agardh
Family: Isoëtaceae Rchb.f.
Species: Isoëtes cangae J.B.S.Pereira, Salino & Stützel (Figure 2: 7-8)
Herbarium number: HCJS 6277
Description: Spores single, heteropolar, elliptical with pointed ends; monolete, laesura straight, without prominent invagination; perispore microechinate in proximal view and microechinate to tuberculate in distal view. E: 30-34 µm; P: 23-29 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Doliniform lakes; Amendoim Lake, S11D, active lake
Species: Isoëtes serracarajensis J.B.S.Pereira, Salino & Stützel (Figure 2: 9-10)
Herbarium number: HCJS 5433
Description: Spores single, heteropolar, elliptical with pointed ends; monolete, laesura straight, without prominent invagination; perispore laevigate in proximal view and microechinate to tuberculate in distal view. E: 30-37 µm; P: 25-30 µm.
Life form: Herb
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Order: Polypodiales Link
Family: Pteridaceae E.D.M.Kirchn.
Species: Hemionitis palmata L. (Figure 2: 11,12)
Herbarium number: HCJS 1465
Description: Spores single, radially symmetrical, triangular-obtuse-convex, rounded corners; trilete; curvature absent, margo indistinct, commissure straight; endospore 1 µm thick; exospore 1 µm thick, densely echinate, echinae 1-2 µm height. P: 30-35.4 µm; E: 27-31 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species: Pteris denticulata Sw. (Figure 2: 13-14)
Herbarium number: HCJS 1007
Description: Spores single, radially symmetrical, triangular-obtuse-straight, rounded corners; curvatura absent, commisure curved, margo ~3 µm thick, very distinct; endospore 1 µm thick, exospore 1 µm thick, cingulated, cingulum about 4-5 µm thick and likely varying in thickness until radial area, densely hamulate. P: 45-53 µm; E: 28-35 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species: Pteris pungens Willd. (Figure 2: 15-16)
Herbarium number: HCJS 1559
Description: Spores single, radially symmetrical, triangular-obtuse-straight to convex, rounded corners; margo indistinct, commissure straight; endospore indistinct, exospore 1 µm thick, cingulated, cingulum about 5 µm thick and not varying in thickness, verrucate to hamulate. E: 50-53 µm; P: 40-47 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Family: Thelypteridaceae Pic.Serm.
Species: Christella hispidula (Decne.) Holttum (Figure 2: 17-18)
Herbarium number: HCJS 4775
Description: Spores single, bilaterally symmetrical, elliptical and with rounded ends; monolete, laesura straight to curved, margo indistinct; sclerine ~ 2-3 µm thick, exospore distinct, laevigate to hamulate. E: 35-39.2 µm; P: 24-26.2 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species: Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H. Ito (Figure 2: 19-20)
Herbarium number: HCJS 3009
Description: Spores single, bilaterally symmetrical, elliptical and with rounded ends; monolete, laesura straight to curved, margo indistinct; exospore densely hamulate-baculate, 2 µm thick. E: 54-65 µm; P: 36-37.3 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
MONOCOTS
Order:Alismatales R. Br. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family:Araceae Juss.
Species: Philodendron wullschlaegelii Schott (Figure 3: 1-2)
Herbarium number: MG 214008
Description: Monads, large, heteropolar; monocolpate, marginate; amb elliptical, oblate; exine 1.2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation striate. E: 48-57 µm, P: -37-41.5 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Order:Arecales Bromhead
Family:Arecaceae Bercht.& J.Presl.
Species: Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.(Figure 3: 3-4)
Herbarium number: HCJS 0646
Description: Monad, large, heteropolar; trichotomosulcate, marginate; amb triangular-obtuse-concave, oblate spheroidal; exine 7.3 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. E: 83-92 µm, P: 79-89 µm.
Life form: Palm.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species: Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart (Figure 3: 5-6)
Herbarium number: HCJS 0383
Description: Monad, large, heteropolar; monosulcate, marginate; amb elliptical, prolate to perprolate; exine 2.6 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 44-51µm, E: 26.7-30.8µm.
Life form: Palm.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species: Euterpe oleraceae Mart. (Figure 3: 7-8)
Herbarium number: HCJS 0272
Description: Monad, large, heteropolar; monosulcate with a slight margo; amb elliptical with accute ends, perprolate; exine 1 µm thick, tecta indistinct, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 55-60 µm, E: 24-27 µm.
Life form: Palm.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols, doliniform lakes with organic mud sediment at the bottom.
Species: Oenocarpus distichus Mart. (Figure 3: 9-10)
Herbarium number: HCJS 0370
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; trichotomosulcate with a slight margo; amb triangular-obtuse-concave, perprolate; exine 2-2.3 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 47-55 µm, E: 24-31 µm.
Life form: Palm.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species: Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H.Wendl. (Figure 3: 11-12)
Herbarium number: HCJS 1433
Description: Monad, large, apolar; monosulcate; circular, prolate; exine 3.5-5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation scabrate to echinate. D: 52-60 µm.
Life form: Palm.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Order: Poales Small
Family: Bromeliaceae Juss.
Species: Aechmea bromeliifolia (Rudge) Baker (Figure 3: 13-14)
Herbarium number: HCJS 1335
Description: Monad, large, heteropolar; di(tri)porate with large pores 7-8 µm diameter; circular, oblate spheroidal; exine 2.5 µm thick, ornamentation reticulate to rugulate. E: 65 µm, P: 63.5 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Aechmea castelnavii Baker (Figure 3: 15-16)
Herbarium number: MG 214066
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; inaperturate; spheroidal; tectados, columelados, exine 1.2 µm thick, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate. D: 27-34 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Aechmea mertensii (G.Mey.) Schult. & Schult.f. (Figure 3: 17-18)
Herbarium number: HCJS 1410
Description: Monad, large, apolar; inaperturate; spheroidal; exine 4.2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate to rugulate. D: 55-50 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species: Dyckia duckei L.B.Sm. (Figure 3: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 222350; HCJS 1040
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; monosulcate, margo indistict; amb elliptical, subprolate to prolate; exine 1.6 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate. P: 41-46 µm, E: 19-26 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Pitcairnia lanuginosa Ruiz & Pav. (Figure 4: 1-2)
Herbarium number: MG 222323
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; monosulcate, margo indistict; amb elliptical, prolate spheroidal; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate. P: 49-52 µm, E: 41.3-48 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order: Zingiberales Grisebach
Family: Costaceae Nakai
Species: Chamaecostus acualis(S.Moore) T.André & C.D.Specht (Figure 4: 3-4)
Herbarium number: INPA 257238, 109585
Description: Monad, very large, isopolar; pantoporate (6 pores); spheroidal; exine 4-5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation psilate to punctate. D: 139-142 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Chamaecostus lanceolatus(Petersen) C.D.Specht & D.W.Stey (Figure 4: 5-6)
Herbarium number: INPA 98074, 53463
Description: Monad, very large, isopolar; pantoporate (6 pores), slightly annulate; spheroidal; exine 5-6 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation psilate to punctate. D: 119-125 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Costus scaberRuiz & Pav.(Figure 4: 7-8)
Herbarium number: INPA 163081, 262903
Description: Monad, gigantic, isopolar; pantoporate (6 pores); spheroidal; exine 5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation psilate to punctate. D: 204-212 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order: Poales Small
Family:Cyperaceae Juss.
Species: Bulbostylis paraensis C.B.Clarke(Figure 4: 9-10)
Herbarium number: BHCB 115277
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; inaperturate; spheroidal; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 39-42 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Cyperus aggregatus(Willd.) Endl. (Figure 4: 11-12)
Herbarium number: BHCB 137680
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; inaperturate with pseudoapertures; spheroidal; exine 1.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 31-33 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Cyperus amabilisVahl (Figure 4: 13-14)
Herbarium number: BHCB 115278
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; inaperturate with pseudoapertures; spheroidal; exine 1.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 30-34 µm.
Life form: Herb
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Cyperus haspanL. (Figure 4: 15-16)
Herbarium number: BHCB 139491, MG 214017
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; inaperturate with pseudoapertures; elliptical, proximal pole slightly smaller than distal pole; exine 1.3 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 25-29 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, doliniform lakes with organic mud sediments at the bottom.
Species: Cyperus laxusLam. (Figure 4: 17-18)
Herbarium number: BHCB 137669
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; inaperturate; elliptical, proximal pole slightly smaller than distal pole; exine 1.3 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 29-23 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Cyperus sphacelatusRottb. (Figure 4: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 214013
Description: Monad, small, heteropolar; inaperturate; elliptical, proximal pole slightly smaller than distal pole; exine 0.5-0.6 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 16-21 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Cyperus surinamensisRottb. (Figure 5: 1-2)
Herbarium number: BHCB 142679
Description: Monad, small, heteropolar; inaperturate; elliptical, proximal pole smaller than distal pole; exine 0.8-0.9 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 18-21 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Eleocharis flavescens(Poir.) Urb.(Figure 5: 3-4)
Herbarium number: MG 214003
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; inaperturate; elliptical, proximal pole smaller than distal pole; exine 0.8 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 21-27 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Rhynchospora barbata(Vahl) Kunth (Figure 5: 5-6)
Herbarium number: BHCB 130685, MG 213983, 222341
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; inaperturate; elliptical, proximal pole slightly smaller than distal pole; exine 1.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate with coarse muri. D: 25-30 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Rhynchospora corymbosa(L.) Britton (Figure 5: 7-8)
Herbarium number: BHCB 115300
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; inaperturate; elliptical, proximal pole slightly smaller than distal pole; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 17-23 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Rhynchospora seccoiC.S. Nunes, P.J.S. Silva Filho & A. Gil (Figure 5: 9-10)
Herbarium number: HCJS 0732, HCJS 0791
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; inaperturate; spheroidal; exine 1-1.2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 27-32 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Rhynchospora tenuisLink (Figure 5: 11-12)
Herbarium number: BHCB 137678, BHCB 155861
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; inaperturate; spheroidal; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 22-29µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Scleria cyperinaWilld. ex Kunth (Figure 5: 13-14)
Herbarium number: MG 214081
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; inaperturate; spheroidal; exine 1-1.2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 34-38 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Scleria verticillataMuhl. ex Willd (Figure 5: 15-16)
Herbarium number: BHCB 158212
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; inaperturate; spheroidal; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 31-33 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Order: DioscorealesR.Br.
Family: Dioscoreaceae (R. Br.)
Species: Dioscorea glandulosa(Klotzsch ex Griseb.) Kunth (Figure 6: 1-2)
Herbarium number: HCJS 0806
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; inaperturate; spheroidal; exine 0.6 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 29-31 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Dioscorea pohliiGriseb. (Figure 6: 3-4)
Herbarium number: HCJS 0482
Description: Monad, large, inaperturate; elliptical; exine 1.8-2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation striate. D: 38-52 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order: Poales Small
Family:Eriocaulaceae Martinov
Species: Eriocaulon aff. setaceumL. (Figure 6: 5-6)
Herbarium number: HCJS 1578
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; spiraperturate in a crosshatch pattern, with 2-3 apertures; spheroidal; exine 1.8-2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microechinate and microreticulate. D: 42-47 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Eriocaulon setaceumL. (Figure 6: 7-8)
Herbarium number: MG 214910
Description: Monad, small, apolar; spiraperturate in a crosshatch pattern, with 2-3 apertures; spheroidal; exine 1.2-1.3 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microechinate and microreticulate. D: 22-25 µm
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Paepalanthus aff. fasciculatus (Rottb.) Kunth (Figure 6: 9-10)
Herbarium number: MG 85842
Description: Monad, small, apolar; spiraperturate in a crosshatch pattern, with 2-3 apertures; spheroidal; exine 1.7-1.8 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microechinate and microreticulate. D: 41-44 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Syngonanthus caulescens(Poir.) Ruhland (Figure 6: 11-12)
Herbarium number: HCJS 0541, MG 223908
Description: Monad, small, apolar; spiraperturate with apertures tracing various designs (many arrangements); spheroidal; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microechinate and microreticulate. D: 26-31 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Syngonanthus discretifolius(Moldenke) M.T.C.Watan. (Figure 6: 13-14)
Herbarium number: MG 214016
Description: Monad, small, apolar; spiraperturate with apertures tracing various designs (many arrangements); spheroidal; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microechinate and microreticulate. D: 29-34 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Syngonanthus heteropeplus(Koern.) Ruhland (Figure 6: 15-16)
Herbarium number: MG 117013
Description: Monad, small, apolar; spiraperturate with apertures tracing various designs (many arrangements); spheroidal; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microechinate and microreticulate. D: 26-34 µm.
Life form: Herb
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Syngonanthussp. 1 (Figure 6: 17-18)
Collection number: ITV 1774
Description: Monad, small, apolar; spiraperturate with apertures tracing various designs (many arrangements); spheroidal; exine 1.2-1.3 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microechinate and microreticulate. D: 26-30 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Order: Zingiberales Grisebach
Family: Heliconiaceae Nakai
Species: Heliconia adelianaEmygdio & E.Santos (Figure 6: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 251426
Description: Monad, large, apolar; inaperturate; spheroidal; exine 6.5-7 µm thick, nexine significantly thicker than endexine, tectate, ornamentation punctate. D: 70-73 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Order: Poales Small
Family:Mayacaceae Kunth
Species: Mayaca fluviatilisAubl. (Figure 7: 1-2)
Herbarium number: MG 222303
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; inaperturate; elliptical; exine 1.5-1.6 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 20-31 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols, doliniform lakes with organic mud sediment at the bottom.
Family:Poaceae Barnhart
Species: Axonopus capillaris(Lam.) Chase (Figure 7: 3-4)
Herbarium number: MG 116782
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 1.1-2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate-microrugulate. D: 27-26 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Axonopus carajasensisBastos (Figure 7: 5-6)
Herbarium number: BHCB 155944
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 0.7-0.8 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 31-34 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Axonopus longispicus(Döll) Kuhlm (Figure 7: 7-8)
Herbarium number: MG 99379
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 0.9-1.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 30-36 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Eragrostis maypurensis(Kunth) Steud (Figure 7: 9-10)
Herbarium number: MG 147039
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 0.8-1.3 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 20-31 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Eragrostis rufescensSchrad. ex Schult (Figure 7: 11-12)
Herbarium number: MG 213985
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 1.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 32-39 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Hildaea breviscrobs(Döll) C.Silva & R.P. Oliveira (Figure 7: 13-14)
Herbarium number: HCJS 1740
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 1.3-1.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 20-23 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species: Ichnanthus calvescens (Nees ex Trin.) Döll(Figure 7: 15-16)
Herbarium number: MG 214084
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 1.3-1.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 34-42 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Isachne polygonoides(Lam.) Döll (Figure 7: 17-18)
Herbarium number: MG 222316
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 21-28 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Mesosetum cayennenseSteud. (Figure 7: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 105630
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 0.9-1.4 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 32-41 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Mnesithea aurita(Steud.) de Koning & Sosef (Figure 8: 1-2)
Herbarium number: MG 67183
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 0.8-1 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 32-36 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species:Otachyrium versicolor (Döll) Henrard (Figure 8: 3-4)
Herbarium number: BHCB 139242
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 1-1.4 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 31-41 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species:Paspalum carajasense S.Denham (Figure 8: 5-6)
Herbarium number: MG 208828
Description: Monad, large, apolar; monoporate, annulate but some grains are indistinct; spheroidal; exine 2-2.8 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 51-61 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Paspalum carinatumHumb. & Bonpl. ex Flüggé (Figure 8: 7-8)
Herbarium number: MG 214010
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 1.5-3 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 42-63 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Paspalum virgatumL. (Figure 8: 9-10)
Herbarium number: MG 67531
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 0.9-1.7-3 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 42-58 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Rhytachne gonzaleziiDavidse (Figure 8: 11-12)
Herbarium number: MG 135244
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 1.3-3.4 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 48-65 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species:Sporobolus multiramosus Longhi-Wagner & Boechat (Figure 8: 13-14)
Herbarium number: MG 213981
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 1.1-1.8 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate-reticulate. D: 31-35 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species: Trichanthecium parvifolium(Lam.) Zuloaga & Morrone (Figure 8: 15-16)
Herbarium number: MG 213975
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate with operculum, annulate; spheroidal; exine 1.1-1.7 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate-reticulate. D: 34-40 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Trichanthecium polycomum(Trin.) Zuloaga & Morrone (Figure 8: 17-18)
Herbarium number: MG 215537
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 1-1.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate-reticulate. D: 29-37 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Trichantheciumsp. 1 (Figure 8: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 213989
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; monoporate, annulate; spheroidal; exine 1-1.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 29-32 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Order: Liliales Perleb
Family:Velloziaceae J.Agardh
Species: Velloziasp. 1 (Figure 9: 3-4)
Collection code: ITV 2114
Description: Tetragonal tetrad, large, apolar; inaperturate; spheroidal; exine 2.5-3 µm, ornamentation reticulate. D: 80-85 µm.
Life form: Shrub and herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Velloziasp. 2 (Figure 9: 3-4)
Collection code: ITV 2115
Description: Tetragonal tetrad, large, apolar; inaperturate; spheroidal; exine 2-2.5 µm, ornamentation reticulate, lumina 4-5 µm width. D: 62-70 µm.
Life form: Shrub and herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order: Poales Small
Family:Xyridaceae C.Agardh
Species: Xyris brachysepalaKral. (Figure 9: 5-6)
Herbarium number: MG 213994
Description: Monads, large, heteropolar; inaperturate; elliptical; exine 3 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation reticulate. D: 34-62 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols, doliniform lakes with organic mud sediments at the bottom.
Species: Xyris macrocephalaVahl (Figure 9: 7-8)
Herbarium number: MG 214073
Description: Monads, medium, heteropolar; inaperturate; elliptical; exine 1-2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 35-48 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols, doliniform lakes with organic mud sediments at the bottom.
EUDICOTS AND MAGNOLIIDS
Order: Lamiales Bromhead
Family: Acanthaceae Juss.
Species: Justicia biraeA.S.Reis, F.A.Silva, A.Gil & Kameyama (Figure 9: 9-10)
Herbarium number: HCJS 0728
Description: Monads, large, isopolar; dicolporate, brevicolpi; amb elliptical, prolate; exine 2-3 µm thick, ornamentation echinate and microreticulate. P: 98-105 µm, E: 58-60 µm.
Life form: Shrub and herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order: Sapindales Juss. ex Bercht.& J. Presl
Family: Anacardiaceae R.Br.
Species: Anacardium occidentaleL. (Figure 9: 11-12)
Herbarium number: MG 112455
Description: Monads, large, isopolar; tricolporate; amb triangular-obtuse-convex, prolate/oblate spheroidal; exine 5-5.6 µm thick, densely collumelate, tectate, ornamentation striate-reticulate. P: 50-59 µm, E: 44-55 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order: Magnoliales Bromhead
Family:Annonaceae Juss.
Species:Onychopetalum amazonicum R.E.Fr. (Figure 9: 13-14)
Herbarium number: HCJS 1436
Description: Monads, large, isopolar; zonasulcate with a prominent zonasulcus subprolatos; amb elliptical, subprolate; exine 1-1.5 µm thick, ornamentation rugulate. E: 52.8-57.6 µm, P: 42.8-49 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species:Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (Figure 9: 15-16)
Herbarium number: MG 59152
Description: Monads, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, pore costate, pore diameter 5 µm; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 2-3 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation reticulate. P: 28-30 µm, E: 27-29 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order:Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family:Apocynaceae Juss.
Species: Mandevilla hirsuta(A.Rich.) K.Schum. (Figure 9: 17-18)
Herbarium number: MG 222310
Description: Monads, very large, isopolar; pantoporate, 4-5 pores with annuli; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 1.4-2 µm thick, ornamentation psilate and microreticulate near apertural region. D: 100-110 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Mandevilla tenuifolia(J.C.Mikan) Woodson (Figure 9: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 57360
Description: Monads, medium, isopolar; pantoporate, 5 pores with prominent annuli; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 2-3 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation reticulate. D: 34-48 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Order: Asterales Link
Family: Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl
Species: Cavalcantia glomerata(G.M.Barroso & R.M.King) R.M.King & H.Rob. (Figure 10, 1-2)
Herbarium number: MG 37869
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; tricolporate, brevicolpi; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 3-4 µm thick, densely columellate, ornamentation echinate and punctate. P: 22-25 µm, E: 20-25 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species: Emiliasp. 1 (Cass.) Cass. (Figure 10, 3-4)
Herbarium number: MG 222326
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; tricolporate, brevicolpi; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 3 µm thick, columellate, ornamentation echinate and punctate. P: 24-25 µm, E: 23-24 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Ichthyothere terminalis(Spreng.) S.F.Blake (Figure 10, 5-6)
Herbarium number: MG 213971
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, brevicolpi; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 3-3.5 µm thick, columellate, ornamentation echinate and punctate. P: 31-38 µm, E: 32-33 µm.
Life form: Herb
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols, doliniform lakes with organic mud sediment at the bottom.
Species: Lepidaploa paraensis(H.Rob.) H.Rob. (Figure 10, 7-8)
Herbarium number: MG 213957
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, brevicolpi, echinolophate; amb circular, oblate spheroidal; exine 4-6 µm thick, columellate, ornamentation echinate. P: 40-54 µm, E: 40-55 µm.
Life form: Subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Monogereion carajensisG.M.Barroso & R.M.King (Figure 10, 9-10)
Herbarium number: MG 213951
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; tricolporate, brevicolpi; isopolar; tricolporate, brevicolpi, amb circular, oblate spheroidal; exine 3-4 µm thick, columellate, ornamentation echinate. P: 20-28 µm, E: 20-27 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Riencourtia pedunculosa(Rich.) Pruski (Figure 10, 11-12)
Herbarium number: MG 222330
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, brevicolpi, elongated pores; amb circular, subprolate; exine 2 µm thick, indistinct tectum, ornamentation echinate. P: 31-33 µm, E: 28-30 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Order: Cucurbitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Family: Begoniaceae C.Agardh
Species: Begonia guaduensisKunth (Figure 10: 13-14)
Herbarium number: MG 213986
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; tricolporate; amb circular, prolate, isopolares; exine 0.5-1 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation psilate and slightly striate. P: 20-24.4 µm, E: 11-12 µm.
Life form: Subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order: Lamiales Bromhead
Family: Bignoniaceae Juss.
Species: Anemopaegma carajasense A.H. Gentry ex Firetti-Leggieri (Figure 10: 15-16)
Collector number: Carreira et al. 3429
Description: Monad, very large, isopolar; stephanocolpate, 8 colpi; amb circular; exine 7-7.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate. D: 110-124 µm.
Life form: Shrub.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Handroanthus serratifolius(Vahl) S.Grose (Figure 10: 17-18)
Herbarium number: MG 69537
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; tricolporate, colpi long and pores, costate; amb circular, subprolate; exine 1-2 µm thick, semitectate, columelados, ornamentation reticulate, homobrochate. P: 70-80 µm, E: 52-70 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species: Jacaranda copaia(Aubl.) D.Don (Figure 10: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 72382
Description: Monad, medium to large, isopolar; tricolporate, costate pores; amb circular, prolate; exine 1.5-2 µm thick, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 50-58 µm, E: 33-55 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Order:Malvales Juss.
Family:Bixaceae Kunth
Species:Bixa orellana L. (Figure 11: 1-2)
Herbarium number: MG 116597
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; tricolporate, parasyncolporate; amb triangular-obtuse-convex, subprolate; exine 1.5-2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate, perforate forming equatorial lobes. P: 54-65 µm, E: 41-63 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Order:Caryophyllales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family:Cactaceae Juss.
Species: Cereus hexagonus(L.) Mill. (Figure 11: 3-4)
Herbarium number: HCJS 4810
Description: Monad, very large, isopolar; tricolpate, colpi long; amb circular, oblate spheroidal; exine 2-2.2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation reticulate, echinate e microequinate. E: 110-115 µm; P: 98-105 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order:Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family: Clusiaceae Lindl.
Species: Clusia nemorosa G.Mey. (Figure 11: 5-6)
Herbarium number: MG 213956
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 1-1.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 34.3-42.4 µm, E: 29.4-38 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order: Solanales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family:Convolvulaceae Juss.
Species: Aniseia cernuaMoric. (Figure 11: 7-8)
Herbarium number: MG 222367
Description: Monad, large, apolar; pantocolpate, brevicolpi; spheroidal; exine 7-8 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate and microequinate. D: 76-83 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Cuscuta insquamata Yunck. (Figure 11: 9-10)
Herbarium number: MG 215432
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolpate; amb circular, subprolate; exine 2-3 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate and microequinate. P: 25-48 µm, E: 18-39 µm.
Life form: Shrub, subshrub, herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Distimake macrocalyx(Ruiz & Pav.) A.R. Simões & Staples (Figure 11: 11-12)
Herbarium number: MG 215937
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; tricolpate, colpi longi; amb circular, subprolate; exine 4-5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate and microgranulate. P: 69-86.6 µm, E: 72-83 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Evolvulus filipesMart. (Figure 11: 13-14)
Herbarium number: MG 215006
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; pantocolpate, brevicolpi; spheroidal; exine 1-2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 28-32 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Evolvulussp. 1 (Figure 11: 15-16)
Herbarium number: MG 214054
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; pantocolpate, 5 brevicolpi; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 4-5 thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 71-93 µm,E:69-92µm.
Life form: Shrub, subshrub, herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Ipomoea asplundiiO'Donell (Figure 11: 17-18)
Herbarium number: MG 226331
Description: Monad, large, apolar; pantoporate, large pores; spheroidal, exine 6 µm thick, ornamentation echinate and microreticulate with granules, conical echinae. D: 78-82 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Ipomoea carajasensisD.F. Austin (Figure 11: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 214004
Description: Monad, large, apolar; pantoporate, large pores; spheroidal, exine 6.5-8 µm thick, ornamentation echinate and microreticulate with granules, conical echinae. D: 80-90 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Ipomoea cavalcanteiD.F. Austin (Figure 12: 1-2)
Herbarium number: MG 215128
Description: Monad, large to very large, apolar; pantoporate, large pores; spheroidal, exine 4-7 µm thick, ornamentation echinate and microreticulate with granules, bulbous echinae (type 3). D: 85-115 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species:Ipomoea cavalcantei x marabaensis (Figure 12: 3-4)
Herbarium number: MG 223638
Description: Monad, large, apolar; pantoporate, large pores; spheroidal, exine 6 µm thick, ornamentation echinate and microreticulate with granules, bulbous echinae (type 2). D: 85-87 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Ipomoea decoraMeisn. (Figure 12: 5-6)
Herbarium number: MG 213191
Description: Monad, large to very large, apolar; pantoporate, large pores; spheroidal, exine 8-9 µm thick, ornamentation echinate and microreticulate with granules, bulbous echinae (type 2). D: 94-103 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Ipomoea goyazensisGardner (Figure 12: 7-8)
Herbarium number: MG 227195
Description: Monad, very large, pantoporate, large pores; spheroidal, exine 7-8 µm thick, ornamentation echinate and microreticulate, bulbous echinae (type 1). D: 118-125 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Ipomoea marabaensisD.F.Austin & Secco (Figure 12: 9-10)
Herbarium number: MG 227199
Description: Monad, very large, apolar; pantoporate, large pores; spheroidal, exine 7-9 µm thick, ornamentation echinate and microreticulate with granules, bulbous echinae (type 2). D: 120-145 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Ipomoea procumbensMart. ex Choisy (Figure 12: 11-12)
Herbarium number: MG 222344
Description: Monad, large to very large, apolar; pantoporate, large pores; spheroidal, exine 8-9 µm thick, ornamentation echinate and microreticulate, conical echinae. D: 113-117µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Ipomoea setiferaPoir. (Figure 12: 13-14)
Herbarium number: MG 165270
Description: Monad, large to very large, apolar; pantoporate, large pores; spheroidal, exine 7-8 µm thick, columellate near echinae region, ornamentation echinate and microreticulate, conical echinae. D: 98-102 µm.
Life form: Herb and liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Jacquemontia tamnifolia(L.) Griseb.(Figure 12: 15-16)
Herbarium number: MG 223119
Description: Monad, large, apolar; pantocolporate, 4-5 colporus, brevi colpi; spheroidal; exine 4-5 µm thick, columellate, tectate, ornamentation microechinate and microreticulate. D: 60-65 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Turbina cordata(Choisy) D.F.Austin & Staples (Figure 12: 17-18)
Herbarium number: MG 165294
Description: Monad, large to very large, apolar; pantoporate, large pores; spheroidal, exine 7-8 µm thick, columellate near echinae region, ornamentation echinate and microreticulate, bulbous echinae (Type 2). D: 156-160 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order:Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family:Erythroxylaceae Kunth
Species: Erythroxylum carajasensePlowman (Figure 12: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 22354
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricoloporate, costate pores; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 2-3 µm thick, columellate, semitectate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate, larger lumina in the apocolpia regium. P: 33 µm, E: 29 µm.
Life form: Shrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species:Erythroxylum nelson-rosae Plowman (Figure 13: 1-2)
Herbarium number: MG 112462
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; tricoloporate; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 3-4 µm thick, columellate, tectate, columellate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate. P: 56-60 µm, E: 45-52 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Family:Euphorbiaceae Juss.
Species: Alchornea discolorPoepp. (Figure 13: 3-4)
Herbarium number: MG 86323
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricoloporate; amb circular, prolate spheroidal to subprolate; exine 1.5-2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 26-28 µm, E: 24-25 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Aparisthmium cordatum(A.Juss.) Baill. (Figure 13: 5-6)
Herbarium number: MG 131797
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricoloporate, operculate; amb triangular-obtuse-convex to straight, subspheroidal; exine 2-2.6 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation rugulate-punctate. P: 25-30 µm, E: 32-39 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species: Astraea lobata(L.) Klotzsch (Figure 13: 7-8)
Herbarium number: MG 213977
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; inaperturate; spheroidal; exine 4 µm thick, columellate, capitate columellae, croton pattern. D: 59-63 µm.
Life form: Shrub and herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Sapium glandulosum(L.) Morong (Figure 13: 9-10)
Herbarium number: MG 59033
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; tricolporate, lalongate endoaperture; amb triangular-obtuse-convex, prolate, exine 3-4 µm thick, columellate, tectate, ornamentation reticulate. P: 60-68 µm, E: 40-45 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order: Fabales Bromhead
Family: Fabaceae Juss.
Species: Abrus fruticulosusWight & Arn. (Figure 13: 11-12)
Herbarium number: MG 222313
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, lalongate endoaperture; amb circular, prolate; exine 1.5-2 µm thick, columellate, ornamentation psilate to punctate. E: 39-45.8 µm, P: 31-32 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Aeschynomene rudisBenth. (Figure 13: 13-14)
Herbarium number: MG 222328
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; tricolporate, colpi with margo; amb circular, subprolate; exine 1 µm thick, columellate, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate heterobrochate. P: 23.5-29 µm, E: 20.1-22 µm.
Life form: Subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Andira inermis(W.Wright) DC. (Figure 13: 15-16)
Herbarium number: IAN 195824
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; tricolporate, annulate; amb triangular-obtuse-convex, prolate spheroidal; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 21-26.3 µm, E: 20-22.6µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species: Bauhinia pulchellaBenth. (Figure 13: 17-18)
Herbarium number: INPA 139259
Description: Monad, very large, isopolar; tricolporado, colpi longi, large pores; amb triangular-obtuse-convex, oblate; exine 7-8 µm thick, columellate, ornamentation gemmate and microreticulate. E: 130-165 µm, P: 60-70 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, doliniform lakes with organic mud sediments at the bottom.
Species: Centrosema carajasenseCavalcante (Figure 13: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 214006
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; stephanocolpate, 6 colpi, brevicolpate; amb hexangular, oblate; exine 2-3 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. E: 56-59 µm, P: 28-33.2 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species:Cerradicola elliptica (Desv) L.P.Queiroz (Figure 14: 1-2)
Herbarium number: MG 36728
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; tricolporate; amb triangular-obtuse-convex, subprolate; exine 1.5-2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate. P: 53-54 µm, E: 43-44 µm.
Life form: Shrub and subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Chamaecrista desvauxii(Collad.) Killip (Figure 14: 3-4)
Herbarium number: MG 214058
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; tricolporate, costate; amb triangular-obtuse-convexo, perprolate; exine 2-2.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation psilate. P: 69.1-79.4 µm, E: 34-41.3 µm.
Life form: Shrub and subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Chamaecrista flexuosa(L.) Greene (Figure 14: 5-6)
Herbarium number: MG 213980
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; tricolporate, costate; amb triangular-obtuse-convexo, prolate; exine 3 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 84-85 µm, E: 50 µm.
Life form: Shrub and subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Chamaecristasp. 1 (Figure 14: 7-8)
Herbarium number: MG 214055
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; tricolporate, lalongate; amb triangular-obtuse-convexo, prolate; exine 2-2.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 80-90 µm, E: 45.7-56.6 µm.
Life form: Shrub and subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species:Clitoria fairchildiana R.A.Howard (Figure 14: 9-10)
Herbarium number: IAN 195827
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; pantocolpate, 5 colpi; amb circular, oblate; exine 1.5-2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate and punctate. E: 72-77 µm, P: 39-45 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species:Copaifera martii Hayne (Figure 14: 11-12)
Herbarium number: MG 116170
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate; amb triangular-obtuse-straight, suboblate; exine 1-1.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation psilate and scabrate. E: 30-40 µm, P: 20-30 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Crotalaria maypurensisKunth (Figure 14: 13-14)
Herbarium number: MG 222334
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; tricolporate, costate; amb triangular-obtuse-convex, prolate; exine 1.5-2 µm thick, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 36-45 µm, E: 22-28 µm.
Life form: Subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species:Dioclea apurensis Kunth (Figure 14: 15-16)
Herbarium number: MG 214377
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; parasyncolporate; amb triangular-obtuse-straight, oblate; exine 5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation rugulate to reticulate, being predominantly reticulate in the apocolpial field. E: 75-80 µm, P: 40 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species:Dioclea virgata (Rich.) Amshoff (Figure 14: 17-18)
Herbarium number: MG 213961
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; tricolporate; amb triangular-obtuse-straight, peroblate; exine 4 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation reticulate. E: 82.3-94.8 µm, P: 39.5-47 µm
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Dipteryx odorata(Aubl.) Forsyth F. (Figure 14: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 33470
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; parasyncolporate, marginate; amb triangular-obtuse-convex, subspheroidal; exine 2.5 µm thick, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 46-60 µm, E: 40-54 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species:Mimosa acutistipula var. ferrea Barneby (Figure 15: 1-2)
Herbarium number: MG 213962
Description: Tetragonal tetrad, small, apolar; tetrad calymmate; elliptical; exine 0.6-0.7.5 µm thick, ornamentation microreticulate and psilate. D: 10-14 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species:Mimosa aff. skinneri Benth. (Figure 15: 3-4)
Herbarium number: MG 222306
Description: Tetrahedral tetrad, very small, apolar; tetrad calymmate; spheroidal; exine 0.5-0.8 µm thick, ornamentation psilate. D: 7-9 µm.
Life form: Shrub and herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, doliniform lakes with organic mud sediments at the bottom.
Species:Mimosa carajarum (Barneby) T.P.Mendes & M.J.Silva (Figure 15: 5-6)
Herbarium number: MG 213978
Description: Tetragonal tetrad, very small, apolar; tetrad calymmate; spheroidal; exine 0.5 µm thick, ornamentation psilate. D: 7-8 µm.
Life form: Shrub and herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Mimosa somnians var. viscida(Willd.)Barneby (Figure 15: 7-8)
Herbarium number: MG 213987
Description: Tetragonal tetrad, small, apolar; tetrad calymmate; elliptical; exine 1 µm thick, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 13-20 µm.
Life form: Shrub and subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Mimosa xanthocentraMart. (Figure 15: 9-10)
Herbarium number: MG 22307
Description: Tetragonal tetrad, small, apolar; tetrad calymmate; elliptical; exine 0.5-1 µm thick, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 18-20 µm.
Life form: Shrub and subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Mimosaxanthocentra var. mansii (Mart.)Barneby (Figure 15: 11-12)
Herbarium number: MG 198053
Description: Tetragonal tetrad, very small, apolar; tetrad calymmate; spheroidal; exine 0.5 µm thick, ornamentation psilate. D: 7-8 µm.
Life form: Subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Parkia platycephalaBenth. (Figure 15: 13-14)
Herbarium number: MG 112372
Description: Polyads, very large, apolar; polyads calymmate with > 20 united grains; elliptical; exine 3.5-5 µm thick, ornamentation psilate to scabrate. D: 160-185 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, doliniform lakes with organic mud sediments at the bottom.
Species: Periandra coccinea(Schrad.) Benth.(Figure 15: 15-16)
Herbarium number: MG 99510
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; tricolporate, colpi longi, marginate, pores large; amb triangular-obtuse-straight, subprolate; exine 3 µm thick, ornamentation punctate. P: 62-64 µm, E: 53-53 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Periandra mediterranea(Vell.) Taub.(Figure 15: 17-18)
Herbarium number: MG 213963
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, marginate; amb triangular-obtuse-convex, prolate spheroidal; exine 1.5-2 µm thick, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 36-44 µm, E: 34-39 µm.
Life form: Shrub and subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum(Huber ex Ducke) Barneby (Figure 15: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 30663
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, marginate; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 2-2.5 µm thick, ornamentation reticulate hetorobrochate. P: 37-43.5 µm, E: 29.8-36.1 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species: Senna multijuga(Rich.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (Figure 16: 1-2)
Herbarium number: MG 3175
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, costate; amb triangular-obtuse-convex, prolate; exine 2-2.5 µm thick, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 50-58 µm, E: 30-48 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Senna siamea(Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (Figure 16: 3-4)
Herbarium number: IAN 195829
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; tricolporate, brevicolpi; circular; prolate spheroidal; exine 2-2.5 µm thick, ornamentation rugulate and reticulate. D: 49-50 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Exotic species, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum(Willd.) Hochr. (Figure 16: 5-6)
Herbarium number: MG 147939
Description: Polyads, medium, apolar; polyads calymmate with 16 united grains; elliptical; exine 1-1.5 µm thick, ornamentation psilate to scabrate. D: 25-32 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species: Stylosanthes humilisKunth (Figure 16: 7-8)
Herbarium number: MG 120653
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; tricolporate; amb elliptical, prolate; exine 2-2.5 µm thick, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 62-69 µm, E: 41-50.7 µm.
Life form: Subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Tachigali vulgarisL.G.Silva & H.C.Lima (Figure 16: 9-10)
Herbarium number: MG 59069
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, colpi slightly marginate; amb circular, prolate; exine 2-2.5 µm thick, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 30-35 µm, E: 22-25 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order:Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family:Gentianaceae Juss.
Species: Chelonanthus purpurascens(Aubl.) Struwe et al. (Figure 16: 11-12)
Herbarium number: MG 214028
Description: Tetrahedral tetrad, large, apolar; 3-hemicolporate, marginate, calymmate; triangular in lateral view; 4-5 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation reticulate. D: 70-80 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Schultesia benthamianaKlotzsch ex Griseb (Figure 16: 13-14)
Herbarium number: MG 214028
Description: Tetrahedral tetrad, large, apolar; 3-hemicolporate, marginate, calymmate; triangular in lateral view; 5-6 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation reticulate, curvimurate. D: 80-92 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Order:Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family:Hypericaceae Juss.
Species: Vismia cayennensis(Jacq.) Pers. (Figure 16: 15-16)
Herbarium number: MG 87024
Description: Monad, medium to large, isopolar; parasyncolporate, syncolporate, marginate; amb circular, prolate; exine 1-1.5 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate, microreticulate near margines. P: 40-52 µm, E: 30-38 µm
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Order: Lamiales Bromhead
Family:Lamiaceae Lindl.
Species: Hyptis atrorubensPoit. (Figure 16: 17-18)
Herbarium number: MG 87024
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; stephanocolpate, 6 colpi longi; amb circular, oblate; exine 2.5-3 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate. E: 30-40 µm, P: 15-20 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Hyptis parkeriBenth. (Figure 16: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 120793
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; stephanocolpate, 6 colpi longi; amb circular, oblate; exine 2.5-3 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate. E: 35-45 µm, P: 20-25 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Order: Ericales Mart.
Family:Lecythidaceae A.Juss.
Species: Bertholletia excelsaBonpl. (Figure 17: 1-2)
Herbarium number: MG 60382
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate; amb triangular-obtuse-convex, subprolate; exine 2 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 42-50 µm, E: 29-32.8 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Order: Lamiales Bromhead
Family: Lentibulariaceae Rich
Species: Utricularia pusillaVahl (Figure 17: 3-4)
Herbarium number: MG 222342
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; stepahnocolporate, 8-9 colporus; amb circular, subprolate; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation psilate to scabrate. P: 18-23 µm, E: 15-17 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols, doliniform lakes with organic mud sediment at the bottom.
Species: Utriculariasp. 1 (Figure 17: 5-6)
Herbarium number: MG 213996
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; stepahnocolporate, 9-10 colpi; amb circular, subprolate; exine 0.5-0.7 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation psilate to scabrate. P: 15-17.5 µm, E: 10.9-13.4 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols, doliniform lakes with organic mud sediment at the bottom.
Species: Utriculariasp. 2 (Figure 17: 7-8)
Herbarium number: MG 214072
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; stepahnocolporate, 13-15 colporus; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 1.5-2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 26-30 µm, E: 23-27 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols, doliniform lakes with organic mud sediment at the bottom.
Order:Myrtales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family:Lythraceae J.St.-Hil.
Species: Cuphea annulataKoehne (Figure 17: 9-10)
Herbarium number: MG 213965
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; syncolporate, short colpi, protruding pores; amb triangular-obtuse-straight, oblate; exine 1-3 µm thick, thickening in the region
between the endoapertures, tectate, ornamentation striate. E: 33.8-37.2 µm, P: 22-17.4 µm.
Life form: Shrub and subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Cuphea carajasensisLourteig (Figure 17: 11-12)
Herbarium number: MG 222339
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; syncolporate, short colpi, protruding and large pores with 4-5 µm diameter; amb triangular-obtuse-straight, oblate; exine 1-3 µm thick, thickening in the region between the endoapertures, tectate, ornamentation striate. E: 26-29 µm, P: 16-20 µm.
Life form: Shrub and subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Cupheasp. 1 (Figure 17: 13-14)
Herbarium number: MG 214023
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; syncolporate, short colpi, protruding pores; amb triangular-obtuse-straight, oblate; exine 1-3 µm thick, thickening in the region
between the endoapertures, tectate, ornamentation striate. E: 33-37.6µm, P: 23.3-29.9µm.
Life form: Shrub, subshrub, herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Cupheasp. 2 (Figure 17: 15-16)
Herbarium number: MG 214065
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; parasyncolporate, marginate; amb triangular-obtuse-convex, subprolate; exine 1-3 µm thick, ornamentation psilate. P: 22-24 µm, E: 17-21 µm.
Life form: Shrub, subshrub, herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Cupheasp. 3 (Figure 17: 17-18)
Herbarium number: MG 213967
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, brevicolpi, protruding pores; amb triangular-obtuse-concave, oblate; exine 1-2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. E: 21-24.7 µm, P: 18-21 µm.
Life form: Shrub, subshrub, herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Order:Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family:Malpighiaceae Juss.
Species: Banisteriopsis appressa(B.Gates) R.F.Almeida & M.Pell. (Figure 17: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 213959
Description: Monad, large, apolar; pantoporate, large pores, pseudocolpate; quadrangular; exine 3-4 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 43-54 µm.
Life form: Shrub, subshrub, liana.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Banisteriopsis malifolia(Nees & Mart.) B.Gates (Figure 18: 1-2)
Herbarium number: MG 222352
Description: Monad, large, apolar; pantoporate, large pores, pseudocolpate; spheroidal to quadrangular; exine 8-9 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 50-55 µm.
Life form: Shrub and subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Banisteriopsissp. 1 C.B.Rob. ex Small (Figure 18: 3-4)
Herbarium number: MG 214076
Description: Monad, large, apolar; pantoporate, large pores, pseudocolpate; spheroidal to hexangular; exine 5-6 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 60-70 µm.
Life form: Shrub, subshrub, liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Byrsonima chrysophyllaKunth (Figure 18: 5-6)
Herbarium number: MG 125695
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; tricolporate, protruding pores, brevicolpi; amb circular, spheroidal; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 20-23 µm, E: 19-21 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Byrsonima spicata(Cav.) DC.(Figure 18: 7-8)
Herbarium number: IAN 195825
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; tricolporate, protruding pores, brevicolpi; amb circular, spheroidal; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 15.8-14.2 µm, E: 14.2-14.9 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Diplopterys pubipetala(A.Juss.) W.R.Anderson & C.C.Davis (Figure 18: 9-10)
Herbarium number: MG 85808
Description: Monad, large, apolar; pantoporate, large pores, pseudocolpate; spheroidal to quadrangular; exine 5-6 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 50-60 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Spachea lactescens(Ducke) R.F.Almeida & M.Pell. (Figure 18: 11-12)
Herbarium number: MG 30032
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; tricolporate, protruding pores, brevicolpi; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 1.5-1.7 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 22-26 µm, E: 22-25 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Order:Malvales Juss.
Family:Malvaceae Juss.
Species: Guazuma ulmifoliaLam. (Figure 18: 13-14)
Herbarium number: MG 30109
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; tricolporate; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 1.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate. P: 22-24 µm, E: 22-23 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Melochia arenosaBenth. (Figure 18: 15-16)
Herbarium number: MG 222336
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; tricolporate, brevicolpi, lalongate; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 2-3 µm thick, tectate, columellate; ornamentation microreticulate. P: 54.4-57 μm, E: 53-54.7 μm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Melochia spicata(L.) Fryxell (Figure 18: 17-18)
Herbarium number: HCJS 023
Description: Monad, medium to large, isopolar; tricolporate, brevicolpi, protruding pores; amb triangular-obtuse-convex, oblate spheroidal; exine 2-3 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate, reticulate near the apertural region. P: 45-48 μm, E: 45-52 μm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Theobroma grandiflorum(Willd. ex Spreng.) K.Schum. (Figure 18: 19-20)
Herbarium number: IAN 195841
Description: Monad, small to medium, isopolar; tricolporate, brevicolpi, lalongate; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 1-1.5 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate. P: 24-32, E: 22-30.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Order:Ericales Bercht. & J. Presl
Family:Marcgraviaceae Bercht.& J.Presl
Species: Norantea guianensisAubl.(Figure 19: 1-2)
Herbarium number: MG 222339
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, brevicolpi; amb circular, oblate spheroidal to prolate spheroidal; exine 3.5-4 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate to scabrate. P: 26-36, E: 27-37.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order:Myrtales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family:Melastomataceae Juss.
Species: Miconia chamissoisNaudin (Figure 19: 3-4)
Herbarium number: MG 214002
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, 3 pseudocolpi, lalongate; amb circular, subprolate to prolate; exine 2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation psilate. P: 36-40 µm, E: 28-32 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Pleroma stenocarpum(Schrank et Mart. ex DC.)Triana (Figure 19: 5-6)
Herbarium number: MG 214035
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; tricolporate, slightly, costate, 3 pseudocolpi; amb circular, subprolate; exine 1-1.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation psilate. P: 20-24 µm, E: 17-20 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order: Sapindales Juss. ex Bercht.& J. Presl
Family:Meliaceae Juss.
Species: Carapa guianensis Aubl. (Figure 19: 7-8)
Herbarium number: MG 77934
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; pantocolporate, 4 brevicolpi, marginate; amb circular, oblate spheroidal; exine 2-4 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate. E: 52-61 µm, P: 50-60 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Managed species, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Order: Asterales Link
Family: Menyanthaceae Dumort.
Species: Nymphoides humboldtiana (Kunth) Kuntze (Figure 19: 9-10)
Herbarium number: MG 214022
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; parasyncolporate, large colpi, marginate; amb triangular-obtuse-straight, oblate; exine 2 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate. E: 42-55 µm, P: 30-35 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Doliniform lakes with organic mud sediments at the bottom.
Order: Magnoliales Bromhead
FamilyMyristicaceae R.Br.
Species: Virola michelii Heckel (Figure 19: 11-12)
Herbarium number: IAN 146780
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; monocolpate, large colpi, marginate; amb triangular-obtuse-straight, oblate to suboblate; exine 1.5-2 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate. E: 30-44 µm, P: 25-28 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Order:Myrtales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family:Myrtaceae Juss.
Species: Eugenia flavescens DC.(Figure 19: 13-14)
Herbarium number: MG 112463
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; syncolporate, 3 colpi; amb triangular-obtuse-convex, oblate; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. E: 18-22 µm, P: 12-14 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Eugenia punicifolia(Kunth) DC. (Figure 19: 15-16)
Herbarium number: MG 174698
Description: Monad, small to medium, isopolar; parasyncolporate, 3-4 colpi; amb triangular-obtuse-concave to quadrangular, oblate; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate to scabrate. E: 24-28 µm, P: 15-18 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Myrcia multiflora(Lam.) DC. (Figure 19: 17-18)
Herbarium number: MG 112459
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; syncolporate, 3 colpi; amb triangular-obtuse-straight, oblate; exine 1.5-2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate to scabrate. E: 20-25 µm, P: 15-18 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Family:Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel
Species: Passiflora glandulosa Cav.(Figure 19: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 216102
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; syncolpate, 3-mesocolpi fused in pairs; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 9-10 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation reticulate, curvimurate, sometimes bacula are observed. P: 90-94 µm, E: 88-92 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Passiflora tholozaniiSacco (Figure 20: 1-2)
Herbarium number: MG 216123
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; syncolpate, 3-mesocolpi fused in pairs; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 8-9 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation reticulate, curvimurate, sometimes bacula are observed. P: 70-82 µm, E: 68-80 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Family:Phyllanthaceae Martinov
Species: Phyllanthus hyssopifolioidesKunth (Figure 20: 3-4)
Herbarium number: MG 216123
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, costate, marginate; amb elliptical, perprolate; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation reticulate hetebrochate. P: 38-42 µm, E: 15-17 µm.
Life form: Shrub and herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Order:Fabales Bromhead
Family:Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link
Species: Caamembeca spectabilis(DC.) J.F.B.Pastore (Figure 20: 5-6)
Herbarium number: MG 222363
Description: Monad, large to very large, isopolar; stephanocolporate, 12 colporus, zonorate; amb elliptical, prolate; exine 4-5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate to perforate. P: 100-110 µm, E: 69-70 µm.
Life form: Subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Securidaca diversifolia(L.) S.F.Blake (Figure 20: 7-8)
Herbarium number: MG 222364
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; stephanocolporate, 12 colporus, zonorate; amb elliptical, prolate; exine 2-3 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate to perforate. P: 40-46 µm, E: 30-35 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Senega adenophora(DC.) J.F.B.Pastore (Figure 20: 9-10)
Herbarium number: MG 222337
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; stephanocolporate, 12 colporus, zonorate; amb elliptical, prolate; exine 3-4 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 40-46 µm, E: 75-80 µm, P: 55-60 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Order:Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family:Rubiaceae Juss.
Species: Borreria alata(Aubl.) DC. (Figure 20: 11-12)
Herbarium number: MG 115799
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; pantoporate; spheroidal; exine 3-3.5 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation puntate with microechinae. D: 35-40 µm.
Life form: Subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Borreria elaiosulcataE.L.Cabral & L.M.Miguel (Figure 20: 13-14)
Herbarium number: MG 222332
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; pantoporate; spheroidal; exine 2-3 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation puntate with microechinae. D: 33-40 µm.
Life form: Subshrub.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, doliniform lakes with organic mud sediments at the bottom.
Species: Borreria latifolia(Aubl.) K.Schum (Figure 20: 15-16)
Herbarium number: MG 115799
Description: Monad, large, apolar; pantoporate; spheroidal; exine 4 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation puntate with microechinae. D: 50-60 µm.
Life form: Shrub and herb.
Geoenvironment: Poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Borreria paraensisE.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo (Figure 20: 17-18)
Herbarium number: MG 214083
Description: Monad, small, apolar; pantoporate; spheroidal; exine 2-2.5 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation puntate with microechinae. D: 20-24 µm.
Life form: Shrub and herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Carajasia cangaeR.M.Salas, E.L.Cabral & Dessein (Figure 20: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 213972
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; stephanocolporate, 5-7 brevicolpi; spheroidal; exine 2 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate, sometimes curvimurate. D: 25-30 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Ixora coccineaL. (Figure 21: 1-2)
Herbarium number: IAN 195851
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, lalongate, slightly marginate; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 2 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate. P: 35-40 µm, E: 35-40 µm.
Life form: Shrub.
Geoenvironment: Anthropic areas.
Species: Mitracarpus carajasensisE.L.Cabral, Sobrado & E.B.Souza (Figure 21: 3-4)
Herbarium number: MG 208513
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; pantocolpate, 5 brevi colpi; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 2-3 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation puntate with microechinae. P: 20-24 µm, E: 20-24 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, doliniform lakes with organic mud sediment at the bottom.
Species: Perama carajensisJ.H.Kirkbr. (Figure 21: 5-6)
Herbarium number: MG 222331
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; pantocolporate, 4-5 brevi colpi; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 3 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 44-50 µm, E: 44-50 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Peramasp. 1 (Figure 21: 7-8)
Collection number: ITV 2116
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, brevi colpi, protruding large pores; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 3 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation rugulate. P: 30-33 µm, E: 30-33 µm.
Life form: Herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Species: Spermacocesp. 1 (Figure 21: 9-10)
Herbarium number: MG 214024
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; pantoporate; spheroidal; exine 2.5-3 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 30-35 µm.
Life form: Shrub, subshrub, herb.
Geoenvironment: Doliniform lakes with organic mud sediments at the bottom.
Species: Spermacocesp. 2 (Figure 21: 11-12)
Herbarium number: MG 222338
Description: Monad, medium, apolar; pantoporate; spheroidal; exine 2.5 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate. D: 27-30 µm.
Life form: Shrub, subshrub, herb.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order: Sapindales Juss. ex Bercht.& J. Presl
Family:Rutaceae Juss.
Species: Pilocarpus microphyllusStapf ex Wardlew. (Figure 21: 13-14)
Herbarium number: MG 37903
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate; amb elliptical, prolate; exine 2 µm thick, columellate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate, sometimes curvimurate. P: 25-34 µm, E: 20-26 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Species: Zanthoxylum gardneriEngl. (Figure 21: 15-16)
Herbarium number: MG 222372
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, costate; amb elliptical, prolate spheroidal; exine 2 µm thick, columellate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate. P: 20-24 µm, E: 16-17 µm.
Life form: Tree.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Family:Sapindaceae Juss.
Species: Serjania caracasana(Jacq.) Willd. (Figure 21: 17-18)
Herbarium number: MG 214067
Description: Monad, medium, heteropolar; syncolporate, longi colpi, likely lolongate; amb triangular-acute-straight to concave, oblate; exine 1.5 µm thick, thickening towards the apertural region, tectate, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate. E: 47-53 µm, P: 35-38 µm.
Life form: Liana.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols.
Order: Solanales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family:Solanaceae Adans.
Species: Solanum crinitumLam.(Figure 21: 19-20)
Herbarium number: MG 115832
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, marginate, slightly protruding pores, costate; amb circular, prolate spheroidal; exine 2 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 32-35 µm. E: 32-34 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order:Ericales Bercht. & J. Presl
Family:Styracaceae DC. & Spreng.
Species: Styrax ferrugineusNees & Mart (Figure 22: 1-2)
Herbarium number: MG 213964
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; tricolporate, large pores; amb triangular-obtuse-straight to convex, prolate spheroidal; exine 3.5-4 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 48-56 µm. E: 46-54 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order:Malpighiales
Family:Turneraceae Kunth ex DC.
Species: Turnera glazioviiUrb. (Figure 22: 3-4)
Herbarium number: MG 222359
Description: Monad, very large, isopolar; dicolporate, brevicolpi, large elliptical pores; amb elliptical, prolate; exine 4.5-5 µm thick, thickening towards the distal face, tectate, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate in distal face, regularly microechinate. P: 105-110, E: 55-58 µm.
Life form: Shrub.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order: Lamiales Bromhead
Family:Verbenaceae J.St.-Hil.
Species: Lantanasp. 1 (Figure 22: 5-6)
Herbarium number: MG 222359
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; stephanocolpate, 6 colpi; amb circular, spheroidal; exine 3.5 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation reticulate heterobrochate, sometimes curvimurate. P: 38-42 µm: 38-42 µm.
Life form: Shrub, subshrub, herb.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Species: Lippia grataSchauer(Figure 22: 7-8)
Herbarium number: MG 213955
Description: Monad, medium, isopolar; tricolporate, brevicolpi, marginate, lalongate; amb triangular-obtuse-straight to convex, prolate spheroidal; exine 2-2.5 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 30-34 µm. E: 25-30 µm.
Life form: Shrub.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.
Order:Vitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family:Vitaceae Juss.
Species: Cissus erosaRich. (Figure 22: 9-10)
Herbarium number: MG 214070
Description: Monad, large, isopolar; tricolporate, lalongate, large pores, costate; amb elliptical, prolate; exine 2.3-3.5 µm thick, tectate, columellate, ornamentation microreticulate. P: 55-64 µm. E: 35-44 µm.
Life form: Shrub and liana.
Geoenvironment: Slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols, forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols.
Order: Myrtales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family: Vochysiaceae A.St.-Hil.
Collection number: ITV 2253
Species: Callisthene microphyllaWarm. (Figure 22: 11-12)
Description: Monad, small, isopolar; tricolporate, slightly marginate; amb circular, prolate; exine 1 µm thick, tectate, ornamentation psilate. P: 18-20 µm. E: 18-20 µm.
Life form: Tree and shrub.
Geoenvironment: Forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols, slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols.

4. Discussion

The palynology of the canga vegetation of Carajás offers valuable insights into the region's floral diversity and ecological processes. The pollen atlas reveals the dominance of eudicots (130 species) compared to monocots (62 species). This distribution aligns with the high diversity of flowering plants in the Amazonian ecosystem, emphasizing the ecological importance of eudicots, which often dominate terrestrial vegetation in terms of species richness and functional roles [49].
Among the pollination syndromes, melittophily (bee pollination) was the most prevalent (78 species), followed by entomophily (general insect pollination, 39 species), and anemophily (wind pollination, 35 species) (Figure 2a). This data highlights the significant role of insects, particularly bees, as primary pollinators in this environment. Less common syndromes such as ornithophily (bird pollination, 14 species), chiropterophily (bat pollination, 3 species), and specialized insect pollination syndromes (e.g., psychophily, phanelophily, and cantharophily, ≤ 3 species) indicate niche adaptations that sustain biodiversity in the ironstone habitats.
The flora of canga vegetation is categorized into six types of life forms: trees, shrubs, subshrubs, palms, lianas, and herbs. Herbaceous plants are the most abundant, with a total of 81 species. Lianas and trees follow, each with about 25 species. Subshrubs, shrubs, and palms are less common. Among monocots, there are 53 species of herbs and 5 species of palms. In contrast, most lianas and trees (25 species) and tree/shrubs (21 species) belong to the eudicots. (Figure 2b).
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Figure 23. Overview of key ecological characteristics of the canga flora: (a) Distribution of pollination syndromes (mel: melittophily; ane: anemophily; ent: entomophily; orn: ornithophily; chi: chiropterophily; psy: psychophily; pha: phanelophily; can: cantharophily) among plant species in the canga vegetation; (b) Proportions of life forms (tree/shrub, subshrub, palm, liana, and herb) within monocotyledons and eudicotyledons in the canga flora.
Figure 23. Overview of key ecological characteristics of the canga flora: (a) Distribution of pollination syndromes (mel: melittophily; ane: anemophily; ent: entomophily; orn: ornithophily; chi: chiropterophily; psy: psychophily; pha: phanelophily; can: cantharophily) among plant species in the canga vegetation; (b) Proportions of life forms (tree/shrub, subshrub, palm, liana, and herb) within monocotyledons and eudicotyledons in the canga flora.
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Most of the studied species can be found in forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols and slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols (Figure 3). Exclusive occurrences in forested slopes corresponded to 34 species, while 30 species are exclusively found in slopes with canga. In addition, 18 and 3 species are restricted to poorly drained depressions and levels and doliniform lakes, respectively.
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Figure 24. Distribution of the species studied according to their occurrences per geoenvironments [12]. 1: slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols; 2: forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols; 3: poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols; 4: doliniform lakes with organic mud sediment at the bottom; 5: anthropic areas. This latter is not a geoenvrionment and thus, it was not counted.
Figure 24. Distribution of the species studied according to their occurrences per geoenvironments [12]. 1: slopes with canga vegetation over plinthosols; 2: forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols; 3: poorly drained depressions and levels over plinthosols and histosols; 4: doliniform lakes with organic mud sediment at the bottom; 5: anthropic areas. This latter is not a geoenvrionment and thus, it was not counted.
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This structural distribution reflects adaptations to the challenging edaphic conditions of the ferruginous environment, where shallow, nutrient-poor soils demand distinct survival strategies across plant groups [12,15]. The presence of diverse life forms also underscores the habitat's ecological complexity and resilience, and the integrity of plant-pollinator interactions [50]. Unfortunately, these essential relationships are increasingly at risk due to widespread human activities [13,37].
A recent study of pre-Columbian influences on Amazonian forests found more cultivated plant species in forests near archaeological sites [47]. This shows that people practiced plant domestication in these areas for a long time. The research resulted in a list of 51 plant species that are in the early stages of domestication, providing strong evidence of their cultivation and management over time. Additionally, useful plants found near the archaeological sites of Serra de Carajás were compared to our palynological database to offer an integrated perspective on potential domesticated plants used by both ancient and contemporary indigenous people. As a result, 17 species (3 palms and 14 eudicots) have been identified with multiple uses, including food supply, building materials, various medicinal applications, firewood, and hunting strategies (Table S1).

5. Conclusion

This pollen atlas has important implications for future research. It serves as a reference framework for palynological studies, assisting in the reconstruction of vegetation, analysis of climate history, pre-Columbian influences on vegetation patterns, and monitoring of ecological changes. Additionally, these findings improve our understanding of plant-pollinator interactions, which are essential for conserving biodiversity in ironstone outcrops that are increasingly threatened by changes in land use and land cover. Future studies could investigate temporal changes in pollen diversity to evaluate the impacts of environmental disturbances, helping to ensure the preservation of this ecologically unique region.

Data availability

The ecological data presented in this article can be found in the Reflora database (https://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/herbarioVirtual/) which represents a virtual herbarium.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at the website of this paper posted on Preprints.org, Table S1. Plant species of the Amazon canga pollen database with pollination syndromes.

Author Contributions

LAR: EFdS: LSR, TMR, DFS, TCG, MG and J.T.F.G. contributed to the conceptualization, methodology, data curation, formal analysis, writing – Original draft preparation, and writing – Review & Editing; LMMC, PWMeSF and LT supervised and worked on the review and editing; J.T.F.G. supervised and provided resources. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was funded by Instituto Tecnológico Vale. Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) supported the seventh, eighth and last authors (TCG, MG and JTFG, respectively) with research scholars (310239/2023-0, 310865/2022-0 and 314438/2023-8, respectively).

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the members of Corredor Norte of Vale S. A. for field support and scientific discussions. This study was funded by Instituto Tecnológico Vale.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. The study site location. (a) the location within South America, highlighting the deforestation fronts in the Amazon Biome from 2014 to 2020 [36], which have exerted greater pressure on the southeastern region; (b) the distribution of canga outcrops along the Carajás Mountain Range – CMR [37], particularly within law-protected areas such as the Carajás National Forest and the Campos Ferruginosos National Park; Hypsometry in meters above mean sea-level (amsl); (c) and (d), front view and aerial photographs, respectively, of the Canga geoenvironments (by João M. Rosa); 1: slopes with rupestrian canga vegetation over plinthosols; 2: forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols; 3: poorly drained depressions and levels covered by grasslands over plinthosols and histosols; 4: doliniform lakes with organic mud sediment at the bottom.
Figure 1. The study site location. (a) the location within South America, highlighting the deforestation fronts in the Amazon Biome from 2014 to 2020 [36], which have exerted greater pressure on the southeastern region; (b) the distribution of canga outcrops along the Carajás Mountain Range – CMR [37], particularly within law-protected areas such as the Carajás National Forest and the Campos Ferruginosos National Park; Hypsometry in meters above mean sea-level (amsl); (c) and (d), front view and aerial photographs, respectively, of the Canga geoenvironments (by João M. Rosa); 1: slopes with rupestrian canga vegetation over plinthosols; 2: forested slopes and caves over plinthosols and ferralsols; 3: poorly drained depressions and levels covered by grasslands over plinthosols and histosols; 4: doliniform lakes with organic mud sediment at the bottom.
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Figure 2. Ferns and Lycophytes. 1-2: Asplenium serratum 3-4: Blechnum polypodioides; 5-6: Pteridium esculentum; 7-8: Isoetes cangae; 9-10: Isoetes serracarajasensis; 11-12: Hemionitis palmata; 13-14: Pteris denticulata; 15-16: Pteris pungens; 17-18: Christella hispidula; 19-20: Cyclosorus interruptus. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 2. Ferns and Lycophytes. 1-2: Asplenium serratum 3-4: Blechnum polypodioides; 5-6: Pteridium esculentum; 7-8: Isoetes cangae; 9-10: Isoetes serracarajasensis; 11-12: Hemionitis palmata; 13-14: Pteris denticulata; 15-16: Pteris pungens; 17-18: Christella hispidula; 19-20: Cyclosorus interruptus. Scale: 10 µm.
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Figure 3. Monocots. 1-2: Philodendron wullschlaegelii; 3-4: Acrocomia aculeata; 5-6: Attalea maripa; 7-8: Euterpe oleraceae; 9-10: Oenocarpus distichus; 11-12: Socratea exorrhiza; 13-14: Aechmea bromeliifolia; 15-16: Aechmea castelnavii; 17-18: Aechmea mertensii; 19-20: Dyckia duckei. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 3. Monocots. 1-2: Philodendron wullschlaegelii; 3-4: Acrocomia aculeata; 5-6: Attalea maripa; 7-8: Euterpe oleraceae; 9-10: Oenocarpus distichus; 11-12: Socratea exorrhiza; 13-14: Aechmea bromeliifolia; 15-16: Aechmea castelnavii; 17-18: Aechmea mertensii; 19-20: Dyckia duckei. Scale: 10 µm.
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Figure 4. Monocots. 1-2: Pitcarnia lanuginosa. 3-4: Chamaecostus acualis; 5-6: Chamaecostus lanceolatus; 7-8: Costus scaber; 9-10: Bulbostylis paraensis; 11-12: Cyperus aggregatus; 13-14: Cyperus amabilis; 15-16: Cyperus haspan; 17-18: Cyperus laxus; 19-20: Cyperus sphacelatus. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 4. Monocots. 1-2: Pitcarnia lanuginosa. 3-4: Chamaecostus acualis; 5-6: Chamaecostus lanceolatus; 7-8: Costus scaber; 9-10: Bulbostylis paraensis; 11-12: Cyperus aggregatus; 13-14: Cyperus amabilis; 15-16: Cyperus haspan; 17-18: Cyperus laxus; 19-20: Cyperus sphacelatus. Scale: 10 µm.
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Figure 5. Monocots. 1-2: Cyperus surinamensis; 3-4: Eleocharis flavescens; 5-6: Rhynchospora barbata; 7-8: Rhynchospora corymbosa; 9-10: Rhynchospora seccoi; 11-12: Rhynchospora tenuis; 13-14: Scleria cyperina; 15-16: Scleria verticillata.
Figure 5. Monocots. 1-2: Cyperus surinamensis; 3-4: Eleocharis flavescens; 5-6: Rhynchospora barbata; 7-8: Rhynchospora corymbosa; 9-10: Rhynchospora seccoi; 11-12: Rhynchospora tenuis; 13-14: Scleria cyperina; 15-16: Scleria verticillata.
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Figure 6. Monocots. 1-2: Dioscorea glandulosa. 3-4: Dioscorea pohlii; 5-6: Eriocaulon aff. setaceum; 7-8 Eriocaulon setaceum; 9-10: Paepalanthus aff. fasciculatus; 11-12: Syngonanthus caulescens; 13-14: Syngonanthus discretifolius; 15-16: Syngonanthus heteropeplus; 17-18: Syngonanthus sp. 1; 19-20: Heliconia adeliana. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 6. Monocots. 1-2: Dioscorea glandulosa. 3-4: Dioscorea pohlii; 5-6: Eriocaulon aff. setaceum; 7-8 Eriocaulon setaceum; 9-10: Paepalanthus aff. fasciculatus; 11-12: Syngonanthus caulescens; 13-14: Syngonanthus discretifolius; 15-16: Syngonanthus heteropeplus; 17-18: Syngonanthus sp. 1; 19-20: Heliconia adeliana. Scale: 10 µm.
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Figure 7. Monocots. 1-2: Mayaca fluviatilis; 3-4: Axonopus capillaris; 5-6: Axonopus carajasensis; 7-8: Axonopus longispicus; 9-10 Eragrostis maypurensis; 11-12: Eragrostis rufescens; 13-14: Hildaea breviscrobs; 15-16: Ichnanthus calvescens; 17-18: Isachne polygonoides; 19-20: Mesosetum cayennense. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 7. Monocots. 1-2: Mayaca fluviatilis; 3-4: Axonopus capillaris; 5-6: Axonopus carajasensis; 7-8: Axonopus longispicus; 9-10 Eragrostis maypurensis; 11-12: Eragrostis rufescens; 13-14: Hildaea breviscrobs; 15-16: Ichnanthus calvescens; 17-18: Isachne polygonoides; 19-20: Mesosetum cayennense. Scale: 10 µm.
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Figure 8. Monocots. 1-2: Mnesithea aurita. 3-4: Otachyrium versicolor; 5-6: Paspalum carajasense; 7-8: Paspalum carinatum; 9-10 Paspalum virgatum; 11-12: Rhytachne gonzalezii; 13-14: Sporobolus multiramosus; 15-16: Trichanthecium parvifolium; 17-18: Trichanthecium polycomum; 19-20: Trichanthecium sp. 1. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 8. Monocots. 1-2: Mnesithea aurita. 3-4: Otachyrium versicolor; 5-6: Paspalum carajasense; 7-8: Paspalum carinatum; 9-10 Paspalum virgatum; 11-12: Rhytachne gonzalezii; 13-14: Sporobolus multiramosus; 15-16: Trichanthecium parvifolium; 17-18: Trichanthecium polycomum; 19-20: Trichanthecium sp. 1. Scale: 10 µm.
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Figure 9. Monocots, Eudicots and Magnoliids. 1-2: Vellozia sp. 1; 3-4: Vellozia sp. 2; 5-6: Xyris brachysepala; 7-8: Xyris macrocephala; 9-10: Justicia birae; 11-12: Anacardium occidentale; 13-14: Onychopetalum amazonicum; 15-16: Xylopia aromática; 17-18: Mandevilla hirsuta; 19-20: Mandevilla tenuifolia; Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 9. Monocots, Eudicots and Magnoliids. 1-2: Vellozia sp. 1; 3-4: Vellozia sp. 2; 5-6: Xyris brachysepala; 7-8: Xyris macrocephala; 9-10: Justicia birae; 11-12: Anacardium occidentale; 13-14: Onychopetalum amazonicum; 15-16: Xylopia aromática; 17-18: Mandevilla hirsuta; 19-20: Mandevilla tenuifolia; Scale: 10 µm.
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Preprints 153555 g010
Figure 10. Eudicots. 1-2: Cavalcantia glomerata; 3-4: Emilia sp. 1; 5-6: Ichthyothere terminalis; 7-8: Lepidaploa paraensis; 9-10: Monogereion carajensis; 11-12: Riencourtia pedunculosa; 13-14: Begonia guaduensis; 15-16: Anemopaegma carajasense; 17-18: Handroanthus serratifolius; 19-20: Jacaranda copaia; Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 10. Eudicots. 1-2: Cavalcantia glomerata; 3-4: Emilia sp. 1; 5-6: Ichthyothere terminalis; 7-8: Lepidaploa paraensis; 9-10: Monogereion carajensis; 11-12: Riencourtia pedunculosa; 13-14: Begonia guaduensis; 15-16: Anemopaegma carajasense; 17-18: Handroanthus serratifolius; 19-20: Jacaranda copaia; Scale: 10 µm.
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Preprints 153555 g011
Figure 11. Eudicots. 1-2: Bixa orellana; 3-4: Cereus hexagonus; 5-6: Clusia nemorosa; 7-8: Aniseia cernua; 9-10: Cuscuta insquamata; 11-12: Distimake macrocalyx; 13-14: Evolvulus filipes; 15-16: Evolvulus sp. 1; 17-18: Ipomoea asplundii; 19-20: Ipomoea carajasensis; Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 11. Eudicots. 1-2: Bixa orellana; 3-4: Cereus hexagonus; 5-6: Clusia nemorosa; 7-8: Aniseia cernua; 9-10: Cuscuta insquamata; 11-12: Distimake macrocalyx; 13-14: Evolvulus filipes; 15-16: Evolvulus sp. 1; 17-18: Ipomoea asplundii; 19-20: Ipomoea carajasensis; Scale: 10 µm.
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Preprints 153555 g012
Figure 12. Eudicots. 1-2: Ipomoea cavalcantei; 3-4: Ipomoea cavalcantei x marabaensis (hibrid); 5-6: Ipomoea decora; 7-8: Ipomoea goyazensis; 9-10: Ipomoea marabaensis 11-12: Ipomoea procumbens; 13-14: Ipomoea setifera; 15-16: Jacquemontia tamnifolia; 17-18: Turbina cordata; 19-20: Erythroxylum carajasense. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 12. Eudicots. 1-2: Ipomoea cavalcantei; 3-4: Ipomoea cavalcantei x marabaensis (hibrid); 5-6: Ipomoea decora; 7-8: Ipomoea goyazensis; 9-10: Ipomoea marabaensis 11-12: Ipomoea procumbens; 13-14: Ipomoea setifera; 15-16: Jacquemontia tamnifolia; 17-18: Turbina cordata; 19-20: Erythroxylum carajasense. Scale: 10 µm.
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Preprints 153555 g013
Figure 13. Eudicots. 1-2: Erythroxylum nelson-rosae; 3-4: Alchornea discolor; 5-6: Aparisthmium cordatum; 7-8: Astraea lobata; 9-10: Sapium glandulosum; 11-12: Abrus fruticulosus; 13-14: Aeschynomene rudis; 15-16: Andira inermis; 17-18: Bauhinia pulchella; 19-20: Centrosema carajasense. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 13. Eudicots. 1-2: Erythroxylum nelson-rosae; 3-4: Alchornea discolor; 5-6: Aparisthmium cordatum; 7-8: Astraea lobata; 9-10: Sapium glandulosum; 11-12: Abrus fruticulosus; 13-14: Aeschynomene rudis; 15-16: Andira inermis; 17-18: Bauhinia pulchella; 19-20: Centrosema carajasense. Scale: 10 µm.
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Preprints 153555 g014
Figure 14. Eudicots. 1-2: Cerradicola elliptica; 3-4: Chamaecrista desvauxii; 5-6: Chamaecrista flexuosa; 7-8: Chamaecrista sp. 1; 9-10: Clitoria fairchildiana;11-12: Copaifera martii; 13-14: Crotalaria maypurensis; 15-16: Dioclea apurensis; 17-18: Dioclea virgata; 19-20: Dipteryx odorata. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 14. Eudicots. 1-2: Cerradicola elliptica; 3-4: Chamaecrista desvauxii; 5-6: Chamaecrista flexuosa; 7-8: Chamaecrista sp. 1; 9-10: Clitoria fairchildiana;11-12: Copaifera martii; 13-14: Crotalaria maypurensis; 15-16: Dioclea apurensis; 17-18: Dioclea virgata; 19-20: Dipteryx odorata. Scale: 10 µm.
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Preprints 153555 g015
Figure 15. Eudicots. 1-2: Mimosa acutistipula var. ferrea; 3-4: Mimosa aff. skinneri; 5-6: Mimosa carajarum; 7-8: Mimosa somnians var. viscida; 9-10: Mimosa xanthocentra; 11-12: Mimosa xanthocentra var. mansii; 13-14: Parkia platycephala; 15-16: Periandra coccinea; 17-18: Periandra mediterranea; 19-20: Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 15. Eudicots. 1-2: Mimosa acutistipula var. ferrea; 3-4: Mimosa aff. skinneri; 5-6: Mimosa carajarum; 7-8: Mimosa somnians var. viscida; 9-10: Mimosa xanthocentra; 11-12: Mimosa xanthocentra var. mansii; 13-14: Parkia platycephala; 15-16: Periandra coccinea; 17-18: Periandra mediterranea; 19-20: Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum. Scale: 10 µm.
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Preprints 153555 g016
Figure 16. Eudicots. 1-2: Senna multijuga; 3-4: Senna siamea; 5-6: Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum; 7-8: Stylosanthes humilis; 9-10: Tachigali vulgaris; 11-12: Chelonanthus purpurascens; 13-14: Schultesia benthamiana; 15-16: Vismia cayennensis; 17-18: Hyptis atrorubens; 19-20: Hyptis parkeri. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 16. Eudicots. 1-2: Senna multijuga; 3-4: Senna siamea; 5-6: Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum; 7-8: Stylosanthes humilis; 9-10: Tachigali vulgaris; 11-12: Chelonanthus purpurascens; 13-14: Schultesia benthamiana; 15-16: Vismia cayennensis; 17-18: Hyptis atrorubens; 19-20: Hyptis parkeri. Scale: 10 µm.
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Preprints 153555 g017
Figure 17. Eudicots. 1-2: Bertholletia excelsa; 3-4: Utricularia pusilla; 5-6: Utricularia sp. 1; 7-8: Utricularia sp. 2; 9-10: Cuphea annulata; 11-12: Cuphea carajasensis; 13-14: Cuphea sp. 1; 15-16: Cuphea sp. 2;17-18: Cuphea sp. 3; 19- 20: Banisteriopsis appressa. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 17. Eudicots. 1-2: Bertholletia excelsa; 3-4: Utricularia pusilla; 5-6: Utricularia sp. 1; 7-8: Utricularia sp. 2; 9-10: Cuphea annulata; 11-12: Cuphea carajasensis; 13-14: Cuphea sp. 1; 15-16: Cuphea sp. 2;17-18: Cuphea sp. 3; 19- 20: Banisteriopsis appressa. Scale: 10 µm.
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Preprints 153555 g018
Figure 18. Eudicots. 1-2: Banisteriopsis malifolia; 3-4: Banisteriopsis sp. 1; 5-6: Byrsonima chrysophylla; 7-8: Byrsonima spicata; 9-10: Diplopterys pubipetala; 11-12: Spachea lactescens; 13-14: Guazuma ulmifolia; 15-16: Melochia arenosa; 17-18: Melochia spicata; 19-20: Theobroma grandiflorum. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 18. Eudicots. 1-2: Banisteriopsis malifolia; 3-4: Banisteriopsis sp. 1; 5-6: Byrsonima chrysophylla; 7-8: Byrsonima spicata; 9-10: Diplopterys pubipetala; 11-12: Spachea lactescens; 13-14: Guazuma ulmifolia; 15-16: Melochia arenosa; 17-18: Melochia spicata; 19-20: Theobroma grandiflorum. Scale: 10 µm.
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Preprints 153555 g019
Figure 19. Eudicots. 1-2: Norantea guianensis; 3-4: Miconia chamissois; 5-6: Pleroma stenocarpum; 7-8: Carapa guianensis; 9-10: Nymphoides humboldtiana; 11-12: Virola michelii; 13-14: Eugenia flavescens; 15-16: Eugenia punicifolia; 17-18: Myrcia multiflora; 19-20: Passiflora glandulosa. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 19. Eudicots. 1-2: Norantea guianensis; 3-4: Miconia chamissois; 5-6: Pleroma stenocarpum; 7-8: Carapa guianensis; 9-10: Nymphoides humboldtiana; 11-12: Virola michelii; 13-14: Eugenia flavescens; 15-16: Eugenia punicifolia; 17-18: Myrcia multiflora; 19-20: Passiflora glandulosa. Scale: 10 µm.
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Preprints 153555 g020
Figure 20. Eudicots. 1-2: Passiflora tholozanii; 3-4: Phyllanthus hyssopifolioides; 5-6: Caamembeca spectabilis; 7-8: Securidaca diversifolia; 9-10: Senega adenophora; 11-12: Borreria alata; 13-14: Borreria elaiosulcata; 15-16: Borreria latifolia; 17-18: Borreria paraensis; 19-20: Carajasia cangae. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 20. Eudicots. 1-2: Passiflora tholozanii; 3-4: Phyllanthus hyssopifolioides; 5-6: Caamembeca spectabilis; 7-8: Securidaca diversifolia; 9-10: Senega adenophora; 11-12: Borreria alata; 13-14: Borreria elaiosulcata; 15-16: Borreria latifolia; 17-18: Borreria paraensis; 19-20: Carajasia cangae. Scale: 10 µm.
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Preprints 153555 g021
Figure 21. Eudicots. 1-2: Ixora coccinea; 3-4: Mitracarpus carajasensis; 5-6: Perama carajensis; 7-8: Perama sp. 1; 9-10: Spermacoce sp. 1; 11-12: Spermacoce sp. 2; 13-14: Pilocarpus microphyllus; 15-16: Zanthoxylum gardneri; 17-18: Serjania caracasana;19-20: Solanum crinitum. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 21. Eudicots. 1-2: Ixora coccinea; 3-4: Mitracarpus carajasensis; 5-6: Perama carajensis; 7-8: Perama sp. 1; 9-10: Spermacoce sp. 1; 11-12: Spermacoce sp. 2; 13-14: Pilocarpus microphyllus; 15-16: Zanthoxylum gardneri; 17-18: Serjania caracasana;19-20: Solanum crinitum. Scale: 10 µm.
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Preprints 153555 g022
Figure 22. Eudicots. 1-2: Styrax ferrugineus; 3-4: Turnera glaziovi; 5-6: Latana sp. 1; 7-8: Lippia grata; 9-10: Cissus erosa; 11-12: Callisthene microphylla. Scale: 10 µm.
Figure 22. Eudicots. 1-2: Styrax ferrugineus; 3-4: Turnera glaziovi; 5-6: Latana sp. 1; 7-8: Lippia grata; 9-10: Cissus erosa; 11-12: Callisthene microphylla. Scale: 10 µm.
Preprints 153555 g022
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