Submitted:
07 August 2025
Posted:
07 August 2025
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Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the impact of cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy dosage per cycle on prognosis for elderly patients. Methods: This retrospective study included 90 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma who received cisplatin - based chemoradiotherapy. Those who received triweekly cisplatin (100) regimen for definitive chemoradiotherapy and triweekly cisplatin (80) regimen for post-operative chemoradiotherapy were allocated to the high-dose group. Meanwhile, those who received triweekly cisplatin (80) regimen for definitive chemoradiotherapy and weekly cisplatin (40) regimen for postoperative chemoradiotherapy were allocated to the low-dose group. The outcomes in elderly and non-elderly patients following chemoradiotherapy were compared between the groups. Results: The patients in the high-dose group had a significantly higher incidence of severe toxicity than that in low-the groups (P < 0.05), and the elderly patients in the high-dose group demonstrated high rate of severe toxicity (34.8%) compared to that in the low-dose group (10.9%). Furthermore, only in the elderly patients, overall survival was significantly reduced in the high-dose group than that in the low-dose group (P < 0.05). In elderly patients, the total dosage of cisplatin administered to those who developed severe toxicity was significantly lower than that for patients who did not experience toxicity (P < 0.01). Furthermore, these patients demonstrated significantly short overall survival (P < 1.0×10-5). Conclusions: Current cisplatin dosage per cycle may exhibit excessive for elderly patients.
Keywords:
cisplatin
; squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck
; prognosis
; severe toxicity
; chemoradiotherapy
1. Introduction
At present, head and neck cancer ranks sixth among the most common malignant tumors worldwide, and it is increasingly affecting elderly invidivuals [1,2,3,4]. Maintaining good overall condition is crucial for a stable cancer treatment over a long period. However, elderly patients often have reduced physiological and biological functions and multiple comorbidities; thus, they have low resistance to general cancer treatments [4].
Despite the development of new anticancer drugs with other mechanisms, such as molecular targeted drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors, cisplatin (CDDP) remains the key drug in chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The antitumor effect of CDDP occurs via DNA damage-induced apoptosis in tumor cells [5,6]. Although CDDP exerts remarkable therapeutic effects, its adverse events, such as bone marrow suppression, kidney toxicity, gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea and vomiting), and hearing impairment, are problematic. The maximum concentration of ultrafilterable platinum fraction has been shown to correlate significantly with nephrotoxicity, and aging is an independent and significant predictor of that. Furthermore, the high incidence of age-related hearing loss should also be considered with elderly patients administered CDDP [7,8,9]. This can lead to unplanned treatment interruptions and deterioration of the patient’s overall condition, which may result in poor prognosis. Therefore, management of these complications is extremely important.
Supportive therapies, such as moisturizing treatment for radiation dermatitis, active use of opioids for stomatitis and mucositis, and oral care, are considered to be effective measures against the adverse events of CRT [10]. For bone marrow suppression and other organ toxicities, symptomatic interventions are mainly performed after the occurrence of adverse events. To reduce the risk of these serious adverse events, treatment intensity is adjusted by reducing the dose of anticancer drugs or changing the regimen based on the decision of each facility individually.
Meanwhile, some screening tools are used to evaluate the overall function of elderly patients, such as the geriatric 8 (G8) functional assessment tool, peripheral blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS). The G8 tool was developed to quickly evaluate the overall condition of elderly patients with cancer, and various cutoff values have been reported to result in differ-ences in the incidence of adverse events and prognosis [2,11,12,13]. The NLR reflects the immune and inflammatory states in cancer tissue, and high NLR values are reportedly associated with worse prognosis and treatment resistance [14,15,16]. The mGPS is an evaluation index that combines serum C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory in-dicator, and serum albumin, a nutritional indicator. mGPS has been reported to be a better prognostic marker combined with other markers such as performance states and cancer stages [17,18].
Few studies have investigated the appropriate administration method specific to elderly individuals receiving CRT using the aforementioned screening tools. We hy-pothesized that equal CDDP dosage as nonelderly patients led to worse outcomes in elderly patients. We investigated the long-term differences between these individuals receiving CDDP-based chemotherapy at the same intensity.
2. Materials and Methods
Participants and Treatment
This study enrolled patients who were newly diagnosed with locally advanced HNSCC (LA-HNSCC) in our department between 2014 and 2023 and received CDDP-based CRT. Those who received induction chemotherapy (ICT) before CRT were excluded, whereas those who received definitive and postoperative CRT were included. The definitive CRT regimens included triweekly administration of CDDP (100) and triweekly administration of CDDP (80), and the postoperative CRT regimens included triweekly administration of CDDP (80) and weekly administration of CDDP (40). We used the triweekly CDDP (80) regimen for both definitive and postoperative CRT until June 2020. From July 2020, we used the triweekly CDDP (100) and weekly CDDP (40) regimens for definitive and postoperative CRT, respectively based on the review of large-scale clinical trials published in 2019 that showed the efficacy of high-dose CDDP in definitive CRT to improve overall survival [19] and the results of the JCOG1008 study that demonstrated the significant lower toxicity of weekly CDDP in postoperative CRT published at American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) in 2020 [20]. Patients who received CRT with the TPF regimen (i.e., docetaxel, CDDP, and 5-fluorouracil) for external ear canal cancer and alternating CRT for nasopharyngeal cancer were excluded. For primary tumors, the radiation doses were set to 70 and 60–70 Gy for definitive and postoperative CRT, respectively. For cervical lymph nodes, the dose was set to 40 Gy for both definitive and postoperative CRT. The scheme was 2.0 Gy/day, 5 days/week. In our facility, we are prepared to perform definitive treatment by neck dissection immediately if residual cervical lymph node metastasis remains after first-line treatment. Therefore, to reduce adverse events caused by radiation, the radiation dose for definitive CRT is set at 40 Gy, which is used as a preventive radiation dose [21]. Both dose modifications nor reductions were not commonly planned.
Evaluation
We defined patients aged <65 years as nonelderly and those aged ≥65 years as elderly. We divided the patients into two groups based on CDDP dosage per cycle: the high-dose group, which included patients receiving a triweekly CDDP (100) regimen for definitive CRT and a triweekly CDDP (80) regimen for postoperative CRT and the low-dose group, which included patients receiving a triweekly CDDP (80) regimen for definitive CRT and a weekly CDDP (40) regimen for postoperative CRT. We compared overall survival (OS), progression free survival (PFS), radiation dose, total CDDP dose, and toxicity between high- and low-dose groups for nonelderly and elderly patients.
Regarding toxicity, we defined severe adverse events according to the JCOG1008 study [20] criteria and the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 5.0. The criteria were as follows: grade 4 or higher bone marrow suppression, grade 3 or higher febrile neutropenia, and renal toxicity indicated by estimated glomerular filtration rate <40. We also included patients as having severe toxicity if CDDP administration was postponed for >2 weeks from the scheduled administration date due to specified administration postponement criteria: grade 3 or higher leukopenia and neutropenia, grade 2 or higher thrombocytopenia, renal toxicity indicated by se-rum creatinine level > 1.5 mg/dL, hepatic toxicity indicated by AST and ALT levels > 100 IU/L and total bilirubin > 2.5 mg/dL, as well as grade 4 or higher mucositis and dermatitis.
In addition, we evaluated mucositis and dysphagia, which are important toxicities that may lead to treatment discontinuation, considering the effects of radiation, in particular. We extracted cases of mucositis or dysphagia of Grade 3 or higher on the CTCAE version 5.0 scale from nonelderly and elderly patients, respectively, and investigated whether they caused treatment discontinuation. We also investigated the difference in the incidence of these toxicities by primary site for these cases.
The patients’ general condition at the start of primary treatment was evaluated based on the G8 score, NLR, and mGPS. As regards the mGPS criteria, following a previous report, a score of 0 indicates CRP ≤ 0.5 and Alb ≥ 3.5; a score of 1, CRP > 0.5 or Alb < 3.5; and a score of 2, CRP > 0.5 and Alb < 3.5 [22].
Statistical Analysis
Fisher’s exact test was employed to test dichotomous variables, such as the high- or low-dose group and presence or absence of severe toxicity. Kaplan–Meier curves were constructed, and the log-rank test was employed to compare OS and PFS. To reduce the influence of potential confounding factors, we performed a Cox proportional hazards analysis of OS, using age (nonelderly elderly), CDDP dosage (High-dose or Low-dose), mucositis/dysphagia, and clinical stage as explanatory variables. For continuous variables, such as total CDDP dose and G8 score, the Student’s t-test, or Welch’s t-test were employed based on assumptions regarding data homogeneity of variance. Statistical analyses were conducted using EZR version 1.60 (Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan) [23], and P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1.1. Patient Characteristics (Figure 1)
This study enrolled 146 patients with LA-HNSCC who received CRT. Of them, 49 who received ICT before CRT were excluded, along with 6 patients who received TPF-RT for external ear canal cancer and 1 who received alternating therapies for nasopharyngeal cancer. Ultimately, 90 patients were included in the final analysis. The included patients were divided into the nonelderly (n = 36 patients) and elderly (n = 54 patients). Both groups exhibited a high proportion of patients with advanced cancers (stages 3 and 4) (nonelderly patients, 24 in 36 patients; elderly patients, 40 in 54 patients). The nonelderly patients had a high proportion of patients with nasopharyngeal cancer (nonelderly patients, 6 in 36 patients; elderly patients, 0 in 54 patients) and stage 1 p16-positive oropharyngeal cancer (nonelderly patients, 6 in 36 patients; elderly patients, 3 in 54 patients) (Table 1).
Figure 1.
Patient enrollment. Among the 146 patients with HNSCC who were enrolled in the study, those who underwent induction chemotherapy before chemoradiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy combined with drugs other than cisplatin, and alternating chemoradiotherapy were excluded. Ultimately, 90 (36 nonelderly and 54 elderly) patients were included in the analysis.
Figure 1.
Patient enrollment. Among the 146 patients with HNSCC who were enrolled in the study, those who underwent induction chemotherapy before chemoradiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy combined with drugs other than cisplatin, and alternating chemoradiotherapy were excluded. Ultimately, 90 (36 nonelderly and 54 elderly) patients were included in the analysis.
Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| Characteristics | ||||
| Total number | 90 | |||
| Average age | 64.2 (range 23-79) | |||
| n (%) | ||||
| Age ≥ 65 | 54 (60.0%) | |||
| Male | 79 (87.8%) | |||
| Age < 65 (n=36) | Age ≥ 65 (n=54) | |||
| PS | 0 | 35 | 48 | |
| 1 | 1 | 5 | ||
| 2 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Alcohol (drinks on a daily basis) | 26 | 38 | ||
| Smoking (Brinkman Index over 100) | 30 | 37 | ||
| Complications | Hypertension | 6 | 20 | |
| Diabates mellitus | 4 | 7 | ||
| COPD | 1 | 1 | ||
| Arrythmia | 0 | 2 | ||
| Hyperuricemia | 2 | 3 | ||
| Lipid metabolism disorder | 2 | 8 | ||
| Liver dysfunction | 4 | 0 | ||
| Primary | ||||
| Nasopharynx | 6 | 0 | ||
| Oropharynx | 8 | 10 | ||
| Hypopharynx | 10 | 24 | ||
| Larynx | 6 | 13 | ||
| Oral cavity | 3 | 3 | ||
| Nasal sinuses | 3 | 3 | ||
| Salivary glands | 0 | 1 | ||
| Stage (UICC 8th) | ||||
| I | 6 | 3 | ||
| II | 6 | 11 | ||
| III | 8 | 15 | ||
| IV | 16 | 25 | ||
All patients in stage I were p16+ squamous cell carcinoma in oropharynx.
3.1.2. Treatment
A total of 58 patients received definitive CRT as the first-line treatment and 32 received postoperative CRT. In definitive CRT, clinical cervical lymph nodes metastasis were managed in 27 cases. A total of 12 nonelderly and 23 elderly patients were administered high-dose CDDP, whereas 24 nonelderly and 31 elderly patients were administered low-dose CDDP (Figure 1) (Table 2).
The course of the treatment is presented in Table 3. Radiation was completed in 89 patients, except for 1 patient aged 78 years who finished at 22 Gy due to progressive disease during definitive CRT for hypopharyngeal cancer. None of these cases had residual cervical lymph nodes after the end of treatment. The RT dosage in the nonelderly and elderly patients were 67.2 ± 5.4 and 66.6 ± 8.9 Gy, respectively P = 0.70). The total CDDP doses were 201.7 ± 61.5 and 194.4 ± 58.5 mg/m2 in the nonelderly and elderly patients, respectively (P = 0.57). In both nonelderly and elderly patients, the total CDDP dose did not significantly differ between the high- and low-dose groups (non-elderly patients, 210.0 ± 71.6 mg/m2 in the high-dose group vs. 197.5 ± 57.0 mg/m2 in the low-dose group, P = 0.66; elderly patients, 198.5 ± 74.6 mg/m2 in the high-dose group vs. 191.4 ± 44.1 mg/m2 in the low-dose group, P = 0.66).
Table 2.
Regimen of chemoradiotherapy.
| Regimen | Age < 65 | Age ≥ 65 | |
| n=36 | n=54 | ||
| Definitive CRT | High dose (triweekly CDDP (100)) | 5(4) | 14(7) |
| Low dose (triweekly CDDP (80)) | 17(8) | 22(8) | |
| Postoperative CRT | High dose (triweekly CDDP (80)) | 7 | 9 |
| Low dose (weekly CDDP (40)) | 7 | 9 | |
( ): Cases with clinical cervical lymph nodes metastasis.
Table 3.
Treatment intensity and Toxicity.
| Age < 65 | Age ≥ 65 | p value | Statistical method | |||
| n=36 | n=54 | |||||
| Treatment intensity | ||||||
| RT dosage (Average±SD) | 67.2±5.4 Gy | 66.6±8.9 Gy | 0.7 | Welch t test | ||
| CDDP administration | ||||||
| Total dosage (Average±SD) | 201.7±61.5 mg/m2 | 194.4±58.5 mg/m2 | 0.57 | Student t test | ||
| High dose | 210.0±71.6 mg/m2 | 198.5±74.6 mg/m2 | 0.66 | |||
| Low dose | 197.5±57.0 mg/m2 | 191.4±44.1 mg/m2 | 0.66 | |||
| Severe toxicity (Multiple selection is allowed) | ||||||
| Leukocytopenia | 1 | 7 | 0.14 | Fisher’s exact test | ||
| Neutropenia | 2 | 4 | 1 | |||
| Anemia | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Thrombocytopenia | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Nephrotoxicity | 0 | 2 | 0.52 | |||
| Febrile Neutropenia | 2 | 6 | 0.47 | |||
| Severe toxicity rate (%) | Total | |||||
| High dose | 3 (25%) | 8 (34.8%) | 11 (31.4%) | <0.05 | Fisher’s exact test | |
| Low dose | 2 (8.3%) | 4 (12.9%) | 6 (10.9%) | |||
| Mucositis/dysphagia | ||||||
| Primary site | Nasopharynx | 1 | 0 | 1 | Fisher’s exact test | |
| Oropharynx | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Hypopharynx | 2 | 3 | ||||
| Larynx | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Oral cavity | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Nasal sinuses | 1 | 0 | ||||
The patients in the high-dose group had a significantly higher incidence of severe toxicity than that in low-the groups (31.4% (11 in 35 patients) in the high-dose group vs. 10.9% (6 in 55 patients) in the low-dose group, P < 0.05). Notably, the proportion of elderly patients who developed severe toxicity in the high-dose group was 34.8% (8 in 23 patients), which was higher than that in any other groups. The most common severe toxicities in both groups were leukopenia and neutropenia. Regarding mucositis/dysphagia, mucositis of Grade 3 according to CTCAE ver5.0 occurred in 7 of 36 nonelderly patients and 5 of 54 elderly patients. In elderly patients with severe mucositis, the primary lesions were localized to the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. These results suggested that in elderly people, toxicity such as mucositis/dysphagia is more likely to occur when the primary site is the oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx, which are closely involved in swallowing. As for dysphagia, no patients had to postpone or discontinue treatment by application of tube feeding and adequate pain control.
3.1.3. Prognosis
The prognosis after primary therapy is illustrated in Figure 2. For OS, among all patients, 3-year survival rate were 63.4% in the high-dose group, and 79.7% in the low-dose group, respectively (P < 0.05) (Median survival not reached). Among nonelderly patients, 3-year survival rate were 77.1% in the high-dose group, and 90.0% in the low-dose group, respectively (P = 0.59) (Median survival not reached). Among the elderly patients, 3-year survival rate were 58.3% in the high-dose group and 72.4% in the low-dose group, respectively (P < 0.05) (Median survival not reached) (Figure 2A–C). For PFS, among all patients, the median survival time and 3-year survival rate were 62.7 months and 55.8% in the high-dose group, and 72.7 months and 59.0% in the low-dose group, respectively (P = 0.47). Among nonelderly patients, 3-year survival rate were 72.2% in the high-dose group and 57.4% in the low-dose group (P = 0.47) (Median survival not reached). Among elderly patients, the median survival time and 3-year survival rate were 21.8 months and 47.4% in the high-dose group and 72.7 months and 60.2% in the low-dose group (P = 0.16) (Figure 2D–F). High-dose CDDP was linked to significantly worse OS in the entire patient cohort, especially among elderly patients, while this was not statistically significant for PFS. We also compared high-dose administration of CDDP and low-dose administration of CDDP in definitive CRT, and high-dose administration of CDDP and low-dose administration of CDDP in postoperative CRT (Figure 3A–D). As a result, in definitive CRT for elderly patients, high-dose administration of CDDP tended to have a slightly lower OS than that of low-dose, but this difference was not statistically significant, and no clear differences were observed under other comparisons. The OS analysis using Cox proportional hazards model by age, CDDP dosage, mucositis/dysphagia, and clinical stage as explanatory variables presented no statistically significant risk factor affecting OS due to low sample size (Table 4).
Table 4.
Analysis of Overall Survival using Cox proportional hazards model.
| Hazard ratio | 95% CI | p value | |
| Elderly | 2.72 | 0.99-7.44 | 0.05 |
| High-dose CDDP | 2.2 | 0.93-5.17 | 0.07 |
| Mucositis/dysphagia | 1.78 | 0.57-5.51 | 0.32 |
| Stage III/IV | 2.96*108 | 0-Inf | 1 |
Figure 2.
Prognosis based on treatment intensity. A: OS All patients. B: OS <65 years. C: OS ≥65 years. D: PFS All patients. E: PFS <65 years. F: PFS ≥65 years. Thick curve: High-dose group. Thin curve: Low-dose group. A total of 12 patients aged <65 years were administered high-dose chemotherapy, and 24 patients aged <65 years were administered low-dose chemotherapy. Furthermore, 23 patients aged ≥65 years were administered high-dose chemotherapy, and 31 patients aged ≥65 years were administered low-dose chemotherapy (log-rank test).
Figure 2.
Prognosis based on treatment intensity. A: OS All patients. B: OS <65 years. C: OS ≥65 years. D: PFS All patients. E: PFS <65 years. F: PFS ≥65 years. Thick curve: High-dose group. Thin curve: Low-dose group. A total of 12 patients aged <65 years were administered high-dose chemotherapy, and 24 patients aged <65 years were administered low-dose chemotherapy. Furthermore, 23 patients aged ≥65 years were administered high-dose chemotherapy, and 31 patients aged ≥65 years were administered low-dose chemotherapy (log-rank test).
Figure 3.
Overall survival based on treatment intensity for each of definitive CRT and postoperative CRT. A: OS <65 years with definitive CRT. B: OS >65 years with definitive CRT. C: OS <65 years with postoperative CRT. D: OS >65 years with postoperative CRT. Thick curve: High-dose group. Thin curve: Low-dose group. A total of 6 patients aged <65 years were administered high-dose chemotherapy and 17 patients aged <65 years were administered low-dose chemotherapy as definitive CRT. A total of 13 patients aged >65 years were administered high-dose chemotherapy and 22 patients aged >65 years were administered low-dose chemotherapy as definitive CRT. A total of 7 patients aged <65 years were administered high-dose chemotherapy and 7 patients aged <65 years were administered low-dose chemotherapy as postoperative CRT. A total of 9 patients aged >65 years were administered high-dose chemotherapy and 9 patients aged >65 years were administered low-dose chemotherapy as postoperative CRT (log-rank test).
Figure 3.
Overall survival based on treatment intensity for each of definitive CRT and postoperative CRT. A: OS <65 years with definitive CRT. B: OS >65 years with definitive CRT. C: OS <65 years with postoperative CRT. D: OS >65 years with postoperative CRT. Thick curve: High-dose group. Thin curve: Low-dose group. A total of 6 patients aged <65 years were administered high-dose chemotherapy and 17 patients aged <65 years were administered low-dose chemotherapy as definitive CRT. A total of 13 patients aged >65 years were administered high-dose chemotherapy and 22 patients aged >65 years were administered low-dose chemotherapy as definitive CRT. A total of 7 patients aged <65 years were administered high-dose chemotherapy and 7 patients aged <65 years were administered low-dose chemotherapy as postoperative CRT. A total of 9 patients aged >65 years were administered high-dose chemotherapy and 9 patients aged >65 years were administered low-dose chemotherapy as postoperative CRT (log-rank test).
3.1.4. Severe Toxicity and Prognosis (Table 5 and Figure 4)
When focusing on the presence or absence of severe toxicity, the total CDDP dose was lower significantly in those who developed severe toxicity than in those who did not among the nonelderly and elderly patients (nonelderly patients: 136.0 ± 76.7 mg/m2 vs. 212.3 ± 52.8 mg/m2, P < 0.01; elderly patients: 153.3 ± 71.7 mg/m2 vs. 206.2 ± 49.1 mg/m2, P < 0.01). As regards prognosis, both the nonelderly and elderly patients who developed severe toxicity showed worse OS (nonelderly patients: the median survival time was 25.5 months and 3-year survival rate was not reached in severe toxicity cases vs. the median survival time was not reached and 3-year survival rate was 92.0% in no severe toxicity cases, respectively, P < 1.0×10-3; elderly patients: the median survival time was 22.4 months and 3-year survival rate was 13.9% in severe toxicity cases vs. the median survival time was 86.0 months and 3-year survival rate was 78.8% in no severe toxicity cases, respectively, P < 1.0×10-5) (Figure 4A and 4B). For PFS, a statistically significant worse prognosis was observed only in elderly patients. In nonelderly patients, the median survival time and 3-year survival rate were not reached in severe toxicity cases compared to a median survival time of not reached and 3-year survival rate of 63.4% in cases without severe toxicity (P = 0.48). In contrast, among elderly patients, the median survival time was 11.2 months with not reached for the 3-year survival rate in severe toxicity cases compared to 62.7 months and 3-year survival rate of 66.6% in cases without severe toxicity (P < 1.0×10-3) (Figure 4C,D).
Table 5.
CDDP dosage and overall survival based on severe toxicity.
| Age < 65 (n=36) | p value | Statistical method | Age ≥ 65 (n=54) | p value | Statistical method | ||||
| Severe toxicity | Severe toxicity | ||||||||
| Yes (n=5) | No (n=31) | Yes (n=12) | No (n=42) | ||||||
| CDDP dosage (Average±SD) | 136.0±76.7 | 212.3±52.8 | < 0.01 | Student t test | 153.3±71.7 | 206.2±49.1 | < 0.01 | Student t test | |
| Overall Survival | |||||||||
| Survival median (Months (95%CI)) | 25.5 (4.83-Not reached) | Not reached | < 1.0×10-3 | Log-rank test | 22.4 (10.3-35.4) | 86.0 (86.0-Not reached) | < 1.0×10-5 | Log-rank test | |
| Three years survival rate (% (95%CI)) | Not reached | 92.0 (71.5-97.9) | 13.9 (0.01-44.9) | 78.8 (60.2-89.4) | |||||
| Progression Free Survival | |||||||||
| Survival median (Months (95%CI)) | Not reached | Not reached | 0.48 | Log-rank test | 11.2 (1.77-Not reached) | 62.7 (25.0-Not reached) | < 1.0×10-3 | Log-rank test | |
| Three years survival rate (% (95%CI)) | Not reached | 63.4 (42.2-78.6) | Not reached | 66.6 (48.3-79.7) | |||||
Figure 4.
Prognosis based on severe toxicity. A: OS <65 years. B: OS ≥65 years. C: PFS <65 years. D: PFS ≥65 years. Thick curve: Severe toxicity group. Thin curve: Nonsevere toxicity group. A total of 5 patients aged <65 years developed severe toxicity, and 31 patients aged <65 years did not develop severe toxicity. Furthermore, 12 patients aged ≥65 years developed severe toxicity, and 42 patients aged ≥65 years did not develop severe toxicity (log-rank test).
Figure 4.
Prognosis based on severe toxicity. A: OS <65 years. B: OS ≥65 years. C: PFS <65 years. D: PFS ≥65 years. Thick curve: Severe toxicity group. Thin curve: Nonsevere toxicity group. A total of 5 patients aged <65 years developed severe toxicity, and 31 patients aged <65 years did not develop severe toxicity. Furthermore, 12 patients aged ≥65 years developed severe toxicity, and 42 patients aged ≥65 years did not develop severe toxicity (log-rank test).
Table 6 presents risk factor of elderly patients involved with severe toxicity. There was no trend in the rate of severe toxicity by tumor location. Regarding cancer stage, patients in Stage III or IV were significantly more likely to develop severe toxicity than those in Stage I or II. Comparison of general condition scores at the start of the treatment, evaluated by G8, NLR, and mGPS, elderly patients who developed severe toxicity had lower G8 score (13.4 ± 1.8 in severe toxicity cases vs. 14.6 ± 1.7 in no severe toxicity cases, P = 0.054), higher NLR (3.9 ± 4.3 in severe toxicity cases vs. 2.1 ± 0.7 in no severe toxicity cases, P = 0.18), and higher mGPS (0.7 ± 0.8 in severe toxicity cases vs. 0.2 ± 0.4 in no severe toxicity cases, P = 0.051) at the treatment initiation.
Table 6.
Risk factor of elderly patients involved severe toxicity.
| Severe toxicity | p value | Statistical method | ||
| Yes (n=12) | No (n=42) | |||
| Primary site | ||||
| Nasopharynx | 0 | 0 | 0.162 | Fisher’s exact test |
| Oropharynx | 1 | 9 | ||
| Hypopharynx | 9 | 15 | ||
| Larynx | 1 | 12 | ||
| Oral cavity | 0 | 3 | ||
| Nasal sinuses | 1 | 2 | ||
| Salivary glands | 0 | 1 | ||
| Stage III/IV | 12 | 28 | < 0.05 | Fisher’s exact test |
| G8 (Average±SD) | 13.4±1.8 | 14.6±1.7 | 0.054 | Student t test |
| NLR (Average±SD) | 3.9±4.3 | 2.1±0.7 | 0.18 | Welch t test |
| mGPS (Average±SD) | 0.7±0.8 | 0.2±0.4 | 0.051 | Welch t test |
4. Discussion
Regarding to the planning of chemoradiotherapy, keeping the adverse events within a tolerable limit is as crucial in achieving a good long-term prognosis as suppressing cancer. In the Long-term results of RTOG 91-11 [24], a comparison of three nonsurgical treatment strategies to preserve the larynx in patients with locally advanced larynx cancer, the results of a comparison of the prognosis of CDDP concomitant radiation therapy and radiation therapy alone revealed that the 10-year locoregional control was significantly better with CDDP concomitant radiation therapy, but no significant difference was observed in OS, and the rate of deaths unrelated to cancer was nearly twice as high with CDDP concomitant radiation therapy. In our study, elderly patients receiving high-dose CDDP per cycle had the highest rate of developing severe toxicity and demonstrated significantly worse OS. Although there were similar tendencies due to severe toxicity such as dose reduction of CDDP and worsening OS in both elderly and nonelderly patients, elderly patients seemed to be more affected the high administration of chemotherapy. These findings imply that high-dose administration per cycle may be excessive for elderly patients, potentially compromising adequate chemo-therapy delivery.
The efficacy of definitive CRT with triweekly CDDP (100) in HNSCC has been reported in previous large-scale clinical trials [25,26]. However, a detailed review of the metabolic pathways of CDDP suggests that this regimen is not appropriate for all patients. More than 90% of intravenously administered CDDP binds to albumin in the blood, with the remainder existing as free CDDP. Renal damage is primarily associated with free CDDP and is believed to be dose-dependent [27]. Therefore, to avoid CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity, it is useful to avoid high concentrations of free CDDP remaining in the kidney for extended periods and to promote rapid elimination [28]. Frederic et al. reported that high albumin levels in the blood before the first chemo-therapy dose correlate with a high total cumulative CDDP dose achieved [29]. This result may be related to reduction of free CDDP due to high albumin levels in the blood. The elderly are particularly susceptible to toxicities due to age-related declines in organ function, which may increase their risk of developing severe nephrotoxicity due to CDDP and other adverse events, such as severe bone marrow suppression due to delayed CDDP metabolism. In this study, elderly patients with a worse mGPS receiving a high-dose CDDP tended to have a worse OS, which may reflect the severe impact of toxicity from free CDDP on patients with lower albumin in the blood.
Recently, the efficacy and safety of CDDP-based CRT regimens with reduced dosage per cycle for HNSCC have been explored. JCOG1008 [20], a large-scale clinical trial led by Kiyota et al., showed that the weekly CDDP (40) regimen was noninferior to the triweekly CDDP (100) regimen for postoperative CRT and exhibited a favorable safety profile. Chatterjee et al. reported that in several meta-analyses, the weekly CDDP (40) regimen was noninferior to the triweekly CDDP (100) regimen for definitive CRT in terms of efficacy and toxicity [30,31,32]. Compared with these clinical studies, our study included a wide range of patient ages, especially with a high proportion of cases under 65 years, and the radiation dosage administered to the cervical lymph nodes region was low, thus the incidence of severe toxicity is expected to be low. In addition, our study included patients with stage I and II, so the survival rate is expected to be higher than in previous studies.
Certainly, reducing the treatment intensity simply because of only old age is not desirable. The use of screening tools, such as G8, NLR, and mGPS, to evaluate patients’ overall function may be useful in setting the appropriate cancer treatment intensity for elderly patients. This study demonstrated that elderly patients with severe toxicity had worse score in these screening tools. These findings may lead to the treatment strategy that predicts the risk of developing severe toxicity prior to treatment and decides ap-propriate CDDP dosage for patients.
This study has several limitations. First, we divided them into two groups, non-elderly and elderly, with the age limit of 65 years. However, as aforementioned, considering that patients with HNSCC who are treated are getting older every year, it may be more appropriate to increase the number of study participants and set the elderly standard to 70 or 75 years old. Second, the triweekly CDDP (100) regimen group in definitive CRT and the triweekly CDDP (80) regimen group in postoperative CRT were defined as the same high-dose group, whereas the triweekly CDDP (80) regimen group in definitive CRT and the weekly CDDP (40) regimen group in postoperative CRT were defined as the same low-dose group. However, it is considered to be more appropriate to compare the high- and the low-dose groups in definitive and postoperative CRT, respectively with more participants. Third, as this is a retrospective study with a limited number of participants, selection bias may have occurred in the setting of the study participants. Other limitations include that there are a variety of complications with each case, that there are minor differences in treatment strategies (for example, supportive therapy methods for radiation mucositis) due to the retrospective study of long-term period, and that it was a single-center study. To obtain results with sufficient evidence, a prospective randomized controlled trial with a larger number of participants is warranted.
5. Conclusions
In CRT for elderly patients with HNSCC, treatment with the same regimen as that for nonelderly patients may result in excessive dosage per cycle, leading to severe toxicity. The triweekly CDDP (100) for definitive CRT and triweekly CDDP (80) for postopera-tive CRT may be excessive for some elderly patients with poor G8 and mGPS score. Particularly for elderly patients, setting the treatment intensity using various prognos-tic tools may be useful for ensuring sufficient tolerance to long-term treatment and achieving a good prognosis. As one method of individualized treatment, it may be possible to consider reducing the CDDP dosage for elderly patients with a G8 score of under 13 or less or an mGPS score of over 1.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, H.O. and T.O..; methodology, H.O.; software, H.S.; validation, N.U, K.M. and T.O. formal analysis, H.O.; investigation,H.O. and M.K.; resources, H.O.; data curation, T.O.; writing—original draft preparation, H.O.; writing—review and editing, R.K. and T.O.; visualization, R.I..; supervision, T.O.; project administration, H.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ethics committee of Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine (Approval number: 2022-158).
Informed Consent Statement
Since the study involves the analysis of existing patient data, direct informed consent from participants was not required. Our clinical study was conducted utilizing an opt-out consent model. This approach stipulates that participants are automatically included in the study unless they explicitly decline participation. Comprehensive details regarding this opt-out methodology, alongside the assurance that participants retain the full right to refuse participation at any point, are publicly accessible on our institution’s official website. Patient confidentiality and privacy were rigorously protected. All personal identifiers were removed from the data, and the information was anonymized to ensure that participants could not be identified. Data were handled in accordance with institutional and national guidelines for the protection of personal data.
Data Availability Statement
Data is unavailable due to privacy or ethical restrictions.
Acknowledgments
NA
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Abbreviations
| HNSCC | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma |
| CRT | Chemoradiotherapy |
| ICT | Induction chemotherapy |
| OS | Overall survival |
| PFS | Progression free survival |
| JCOG | Japan Clinical Oncology Group |
| CTCAE | Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events |
| CRP | C-reactive protein |
| AST | Aspartate aminotransferase |
| ALT | Alanine aminotransferase |
| NLR | Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio |
| mGPS | modified Glasgow Prognostic Score |
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