The Role of Perylene Diimide Dyes as a Cellular Imaging Agent and Enhancing Phototherapy Outcomes

Recent advancements in phototherapy have underscored the need for effective cellular imaging agents that can enhance therapeutic efficacy and precision. Perylene diimide (PDI) dyes, known for their unique optical properties and biocompatibility, have emerged as promising candidates in this domain. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential applications of PDI dyes in cellular imaging, specifically within the context of phototherapies. We explore the synthesis of these dyes, their photophysical characteristics, and mechanisms of cellular uptake. Moreover, this review highlights recent studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of PDI dyes in real-time imaging of cellular processes and their synergistic effects in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). By evaluating various experimental approaches and their outcomes, we aim to elucidate the advantages of employing PDI dyes in clinical settings. The findings of this review suggest that perylene diimide dyes are not only capable of enhancing imaging contrast but also optimizing the therapeutic response in targeted phototherapy applications. Ultimately, this paper advocates for further research into the integration of PDI dyes in clinical practice, emphasizing their potential to significantly improve patient outcomes in cancer and other diseases requiring photoactive treatment modalities.