Submitted:
03 June 2024
Posted:
04 June 2024
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Abstract
Spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) is a relatively rare, but potentially lethal complication of infectious mononucleosis (IM). While SSR is extremely rare in patients with proven IM, it is the most lethal complication of the infection (9% mortality rate) and can present completely asymptomatically or with abdominal pain and hemodynamic instability. As adolescents and young adults are the most affected population group, with this case report we intend to raise the vigilance of any doctor treating those patients in the emergency department. We present the case of a 16-year-old patient with an atraumatic splenic rupture and hemoperitoneum secondary to an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy, and a splenectomy was performed. This case demonstrates that even if the SSR in patients with IM is extremely rare, it should be always considered in a patient with relevant clinical presentation.
Keywords:
Splenic Rupture
; Infectious Mononucleosis
; Epstein Barr Virus
; Hemoperitoneum
We present the case of a SSR secondary to EBV infection, in a 16-year-old, male patient. He presented in the Emergency Department complaining of acute upper left quadrant abdominal pain without any other reporting symptoms. The patient had been diagnosed three weeks prior to admission with IM with a positive Monotest and was recovering at home ever since. The patient had no significant medical history and was under no specific medication. No history of trauma was reported. On admission, he was mildly tachycardic (90bps/min) with evidence of localized peritonism on his left upper quadrant. Regarding the IM, no other symptoms were described. The first laboratory tests found the hemoglobin (Hb) of the patient to be normal (13.1 g/dL) and the leucocyte count slightly elevated (14.1x10 3 /μL).
An urgent abdominal ultrasound was performed that revealed an enlargement of the spleen (21 cm of diameter) with a large subcapsular hematoma (13 cm of diameter) and a significant amount of complex fluid within the abdominal cavity. In addition, and with the patient remaining hemodynamically stable, an abdominal Computer Tomography scan was performed and the enlargement of the spleen with maximum diameter of 21, 60 centimeters(cm) and the subcapsular hematoma were confirmed.
Figure 1.
Computer Tomography of the patient showing the enlargement of the spleen with maximum diameter of 21,60cm and the large subcapsular hematoma. The multidetector CT allows the detection and safe characterization of spontaneous splenic lesions, together with the identification or exclusion of active hemorrhage, perisplenic hemorrhage, or hemoperitoneum [11]. In hemodynamically unstable patients with a potential splenic rupture, a fast-track ultrasound for detection of hemoperitoneum is the test of choice, although its sensitivity is limited for the detection of splenic rupture (72%–78%) [5,11].
Figure 1.
Computer Tomography of the patient showing the enlargement of the spleen with maximum diameter of 21,60cm and the large subcapsular hematoma. The multidetector CT allows the detection and safe characterization of spontaneous splenic lesions, together with the identification or exclusion of active hemorrhage, perisplenic hemorrhage, or hemoperitoneum [11]. In hemodynamically unstable patients with a potential splenic rupture, a fast-track ultrasound for detection of hemoperitoneum is the test of choice, although its sensitivity is limited for the detection of splenic rupture (72%–78%) [5,11].
The patient was monitored closely for approximately one hour and a second blood test found the Hb to be 10.0 g/dl. Because of the drop in the Hb levels, the decision for an exploratory laparotomy was made. An emergency laparotomy was performed and a large amount of hemoperitoneum was evacuated from the abdominal cavity. The spleen was found enlarged with a subcapsular hematoma and a ruptured capsule. Emergent splenectomy was performed and the hemoperitoneum was evacuated. No other intra-abdominal pathology was noted. The patient received only crystalloid fluids and no blood transfusions. He recovered without any post-operative complications. His hemoglobin settled spontaneously in the next days and, gradually, he became afebrile. Prior to discharge he received the Pneumococcal, Meningococcal, and Hemophilus influenzae (Hib) vaccinations and was prescribed an appropriate post-splenectomy antibiotic prophylaxis. Pathologic examination revealed an enlarged spleen, weighing 820 g, with two large subcapsular hematoma (with maximum diameter of 13 cm) and a large laceration on its surface. The red pulp was enlarged because of an infiltration with a heterogeneous population of small lymphocytes, activated lymphoid cells, himmunoblasts, plasma cells and histiocytes. The diagnosis of SSR secondary to IM was confirmed.
Figure 2.
An intraoperative image showing the enlargement of the spleen, the multiple lacerations on the splenic parenchyma and the rupture of the splenic capsule. The management of a splenic injury is generally a debate [11]. It depends on hemodynamic status, resource availability, splenic injury grade, and presence of comorbidities [5,11]. If possible, the splenic preservation is to be preferred, especially in younger patients, to minimize the risk of post splenectomy infections and septicemia [11,13]. In hemodynamically stable patients with CT findings of active contrast extravasation, endovascular techniques such as splenic artery angiography with embolization to allow preservation of the spleen, may be the treatment of choice [5,12]. A splenic rupture requiring late surgery has been reported in patients whose initial CT shows a low-grade splenic lesion [11,15], so if all conservative treatment fails and the patient becomes hemodynamic unstable, a surgical exploration is recommended [5]. When a surgical approach is necessary, a preservation of the spleen with splenorraphy or splenectomy and re-implantation.
Figure 2.
An intraoperative image showing the enlargement of the spleen, the multiple lacerations on the splenic parenchyma and the rupture of the splenic capsule. The management of a splenic injury is generally a debate [11]. It depends on hemodynamic status, resource availability, splenic injury grade, and presence of comorbidities [5,11]. If possible, the splenic preservation is to be preferred, especially in younger patients, to minimize the risk of post splenectomy infections and septicemia [11,13]. In hemodynamically stable patients with CT findings of active contrast extravasation, endovascular techniques such as splenic artery angiography with embolization to allow preservation of the spleen, may be the treatment of choice [5,12]. A splenic rupture requiring late surgery has been reported in patients whose initial CT shows a low-grade splenic lesion [11,15], so if all conservative treatment fails and the patient becomes hemodynamic unstable, a surgical exploration is recommended [5]. When a surgical approach is necessary, a preservation of the spleen with splenorraphy or splenectomy and re-implantation.
This case demonstrates the risk of an atraumatic splenic rupture in infectious mononucleosis and shows the importance of prompt diagnosis and appropriate counselling in patients IM. The IM is usually a self-limiting illness but its clinical presentation may be variable, and the classical triad may be absent [1]. The most significant finding associated with IM is hepatosplenomegaly [8]. A SSR complicating IM is a rare complication, occurring in 0.1-0.5 percent of patients with proven IM [10]. During the EBV infection the mononuclear cells collect within the lymphoid tissue causing the enlargement of the spleen [5]. In about 50% of patients with splenomegaly, as the spleen enlarges the splenic capsule thins and the spleen is vulnerable to laceration or rupture [5]. of splenic tissue is to be pursued to avoid post splenectomy infections and sepsis [5,13].
Even with all the limitations our case report showcases an extremely rare but potentially fatal complication of IM. There is no international formal consensus on when patients should return to normal activities, but a splenic injury has been reported up to 8 weeks post-infection. Based on the current National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance advises, a patient suffering IM is advised ‘to avoid contact or collision sports or heavy lifting for the first month of the illness (to reduce the risk of splenic rupture) [7]. Healthcare providers should remain vigilant, and a possible splenic rupture should be considered in any abdominal pain in IM.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—Original Draft Preparation: Ismini Kountouri. Writing—Review and Editing: Ismini Kountouri; Evangelos Vitkos; Periklis Dimasis; Miltiadis Chandolias; Maria Martha Galani Manolakou; Nikolaos Gkiatas; Dimitra Manolakaki. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained. None of the data in the paper reveal the patient’s identity.
Data Availability Statement
All relevant data are within the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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