Preprint Review Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Targeting H3N2 Influenza: Advancements in Treatment and Vaccine Strategies

Shriyansh Srivastava
ORCID logo ,
Nandani Jayaswal
,
Sachin Kumar
,
G.S.N. Kotesawara Rao Rao
,
Roja Rani Budha
,
Aroop Mohanty
ORCID logo ,
Rachana Mehta
,
Ranjit Sah
ORCID logo ,
D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
* ORCID logo ,
Ricardo R. Ulloque-Badaracco
ORCID logo ,
Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
Version 1 : Received: 7 April 2024 / Approved: 9 April 2024 / Online: 9 April 2024 (10:27:11 CEST)

How to cite: Srivastava, S.; Jayaswal, N.; Kumar, S.; Rao, G.K.R.; Budha, R.R.; Mohanty, A.; Mehta, R.; Sah, R.; Bonilla-Aldana, D.K.; Ulloque-Badaracco, R.R.; Rodriguez-Morales, A.J. Targeting H3N2 Influenza: Advancements in Treatment and Vaccine Strategies. Preprints 2024, 2024040652. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202404.0652.v1 Srivastava, S.; Jayaswal, N.; Kumar, S.; Rao, G.K.R.; Budha, R.R.; Mohanty, A.; Mehta, R.; Sah, R.; Bonilla-Aldana, D.K.; Ulloque-Badaracco, R.R.; Rodriguez-Morales, A.J. Targeting H3N2 Influenza: Advancements in Treatment and Vaccine Strategies. Preprints 2024, 2024040652. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202404.0652.v1

Abstract

The emergence of the H3N2 influenza virus in 1968 marked a significant event as it crossed the species barrier. Since then, ongoing mutational dynamics have led to the formation of antigenic clusters, prompting the World Health Organization to advocate for regular updates to H3N2 vaccines. Research in the Western Pacific region underscores the necessity for heightened awareness and effective control strategies. Stemming from avian influenza A, the 1968 H3N2 influenza pandemic resulted in the deaths of one million people globally, with its seasonal variants primarily affecting older individuals and causing severe illness due to antigenic drift. To address the challenge of vaccine efficacy against H3N2 mutations, researchers are exploring innovative strategies such as precise antigenic material administration, controlled release patterns, understanding immune system mechanisms, and glycan engineering. This review comprehensively examines various aspects of the Influenza A (H3N2) virus, encompassing its virological characteristics, evolutionary trends, global epidemiology, vaccination strategies, antiviral interventions, and emerging diagnostic approaches. It underscores the impact of antigenic variation on vaccine design and effectiveness, seasonal outbreak patterns, pandemic potential, and the interplay between viral factors and host immune responses. Moreover, the review evaluates antiviral therapies and the issue of drug resistance, emphasising the necessity for multidisciplinary approaches involving researchers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers to comprehend H3N2 and enhance public health interventions.

Keywords

H3N2 Influenza; Antigenic Variation; Vaccine Efficacy; Pandemic Potential; Multidisciplinary Approach

Subject

Medicine and Pharmacology, Tropical Medicine

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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