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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
06 March 2024
Posted:
06 March 2024
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Rank | Region | Shipping Volume | Rank | Region | Shipping Volume | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volume (ton) | Proportion | Cumulative Proportion |
Volume (ton) | Proportion | Cumulative Proportion |
||||
1 | Gangwon-do Pyeongchang-gun |
44,989 | 0.218 | 0.218 | 16 | Jeollabuk-do Buan-gun |
3,020 | 0.015 | 0.663 |
2 | Gyeongsangnam-do Miryang-si |
12,998 | 0.063 | 0.280 | 17 | Gyeongsangbuk-do Gimcheon-si |
2,961 | 0.014 | 0.677 |
3 | Jeollabuk-do Gimje-si |
11,099 | 0.054 | 0.334 | 18 | Jeju-do Jeju-si |
2,835 | 0.014 | 0.691 |
4 | Jeollanam-do Bpseong-gun |
10,387 | 0.050 | 0.384 | 19 | Gangwon-do Chuncheon-si |
2,767 | 0.013 | 0.704 |
5 | Chungcheongnam-do Dangjin-si |
9,643 | 0.047 | 0.431 | 20 | Gangwon-do Jeongseon-gun |
2,566 | 0.012 | 0.717 |
6 | Chungcheongnam-do Seosan-si |
8,046 | 0.039 | 0.470 | 21 | Gangwon-do Inje-gun |
2,303 | 0.011 | 0.728 |
7 | Gangwon-do Hongcheon-gun |
5,018 | 0.024 | 0.494 | 22 | Jeju-do Seogwipo-si |
2,269 | 0.011 | 0.739 |
8 | Gyeongsangnam-do Changnyeong-gun |
4,878 | 0.024 | 0.518 | 23 | Gyeongsangbuk-do Andong-si |
2,228 | 0.011 | 0.750 |
9 | Gangwon-do Hoengseong-gun |
4,699 | 0.023 | 0.540 | 24 | Gangwon-do Wonju-si |
2,111 | 0.010 | 0.760 |
10 | Gyeongsangbuk-do Goryeong-gun |
4,468 | 0.022 | 0.562 | 25 | Gyeongsangnam-do Changwon-si |
1,891 | 0.009 | 0.769 |
11 | Gyeonggi-do Guri-si |
3,938 | 0.019 | 0.581 | 26 | Gyeongsangbuk-do Uiseong-gun |
1,738 | 0.008 | 0.777 |
12 | Gyeongsangbuk-do Gumi-si |
3,675 | 0.018 | 0.599 | 27 | Gyeongsangbuk-do Yeongju-si |
1,735 | 0.008 | 0.786 |
13 | Gyeongsangbuk-do Bonghwa-gun |
3,479 | 0.017 | 0.616 | 28 | Gyeongsanbuk-do Sangju-si |
1,669 | 0.008 | 0.794 |
14 | Jeollabuk-do Namwon-si |
3,430 | 0.017 | 0.632 | 29 | Jeollanam-do Yeongam-gun |
1,625 | 0.008 | 0.802 |
15 | Gangwon-do Gangneung-si |
3,320 | 0.016 | 0.648 |
Rank | Wholesale Market |
Shipping Volume | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Volume (ton) | Proportion | Cumulative Proportion |
||
1 | Seoul Garak | 82,935 | 0.401 | 0.401 |
2 | Daegu Bukbu | 19,998 | 0.097 | 0.498 |
3 | Guri | 12,084 | 0.058 | 0.556 |
4 | Busan Eomgung | 10,879 | 0.053 | 0.609 |
5 | Busan Banyeo | 10,234 | 0.049 | 0.658 |
6 | Gwangju Seobu | 10,013 | 0.048 | 0.707 |
7 | Gwangju Gakhwa | 9,267 | 0.045 | 0.752 |
8 | Seoul Gangseo | 7,950 | 0.038 | 0.790 |
9 | Daejeon Ojeong | 6,272 | 0.030 | 0.820 |
Classification | 1st Place | 2nd Place | 3rd Place | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category | Production (ton) |
Category | Production (ton) |
Category | Production (ton) |
||
Food crops | Rice | 3,506,578 | Potato | 553,194 | Sweet potato | 329,927 | |
Vege -tables |
Fruit vegetables |
Watermelon | 466,529 | Cucumber | 335,596 | Tomato | 344,048 |
Green vegetables |
Chinese cabbage | 2,242,640 | Cabbage | 313,236 | Lettuce | 96,774 | |
Root vegetables |
Radish | 1,178,631 | Carrot | 100,875 | - | - | |
Condiment vegetables | Onion | 1,168,227 | Garlic | 363,432 | Korean leek | 314,685 | |
Fruits | Citrus fruit | 658,859 | Apple | 422,115 | Peach | 189,058 |
Theoretical Criterion | Applied Criteria on Study |
---|---|
Supply of domestic agricultural products |
· Production – Import volume · Consumption of region = (consumption of domestic agricultural products / total population of South Korea) Ⅹ total population of region |
Transportation distance of domestic agricultural products |
· Distance from major origin (city, county, district office5) to the point of sale (wholesale market)6 + distance from the point of sale (wholesale market) to the place of consumption |
Import volume | · Import volume · Consumption of region = (import volume / total population of South Korea) Ⅹ total population of region |
Transportation distance of imported agricultural products |
· Distance from the export country to the domestic port7 + distance from the domestic port to the point of sale (wholesale market) + distance from the point of sale (wholesale market) to the place of consumption |
Sales volume of local food | · Sales volume of local food |
Transportation distance of local food |
· 0 |
Product | Production Volume (ton) A |
Export Volume (ton) B |
Supply of Domestic Product (ton) C=A-B |
Import Volume (ton) D |
Total Supply (ton) E=C+D |
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese cabbage |
2,242,640 | 24,413 | 2,218,227 | 643 | 2,218,870 | 1.000 | 0.000 |
Citrus fruit | 658,859 | 5,996 | 652,863 | 0 | 652,863 | 1.000 | 0.000 |
Watermelon | 466,529 | 350 | 466,179 | 30 | 466,209 | 1.000 | 0.000 |
Cucumber | 335,596 | 211 | 335,385 | 0 | 335,385 | 1.000 | 0.000 |
Sweet potato | 329,927 | 357 | 329,570 | 42 | 329,612 | 1.000 | 0.000 |
Peach | 189,058 | 508 | 188,550 | 0 | 188,550 | 1.000 | 0.000 |
Korean leek | 314,685 | 0 | 314,685 | 1,500 | 316,185 | 0.995 | 0.005 |
Radish | 1,178,631 | 6,943 | 1,171,688 | 7,300 | 1,178,988 | 0.994 | 0.006 |
Apple | 422,115 | 1,952 | 420,163 | 2,903 | 423,066 | 0.993 | 0.007 |
Onion | 1,168,227 | 5,622 | 1,162,605 | 40,100 | 1,202,705 | 0.967 | 0.033 |
Lettuce | 96,774 | 715 | 96,059 | 8,618 | 104,677 | 0.918 | 0.082 |
Garlic | 363,432 | 3,130 | 360,302 | 37,500 | 397,802 | 0.906 | 0.094 |
Cabbage | 313,236 | 5,996 | 307,240 | 38,424 | 345,664 | 0.889 | 0.111 |
Tomato | 344,048 | 6,709 | 337,339 | 43,367 | 380,706 | 0.886 | 0.114 |
Potato | 553,194 | 1,414 | 551,780 | 162,033 | 713,813 | 0.773 | 0.227 |
Carrot | 100,875 | 197 | 100,678 | 96,400 | 197,078 | 0.511 | 0.489 |
Rank | Export Country |
Shipping Volume | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Volume (ton) | Proportion | Cumulative Proportion |
||
1 | Unites States of America | 109,208 | 0.674 | 0.674 |
2 | Australia | 13,055 | 0.081 | 0.755 |
3 | Belgium | 11,122 | 0.069 | 0.823 |
4 | Netherlands | 10,569 | 0.065 | 0.888 |
5 | Canada | 10,091 | 0.062 | 0.951 |
6 | China | 7,169 | 0.044 | 0.995 |
7 | Viet Nam | 819 | 0.005 | 1.000 |
Rank | Wholesale Market |
Shipping Volume | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Volume (ton) | Proportion | Cumulative Proportion |
||
1 | Seoul Garak | 5 | 0.833 | 0.833 |
2 | Changwon Palyong | 1 | 0.167 | 1.000 |
Name of Port | Import Value (USD thousands) |
Proportion | Cumulative Proportion |
---|---|---|---|
Busan Port | 116,505,748 | 0.365 | 0.365 |
Incheon Port | 63,313,031 | 0.198 | 0.563 |
Pyeongtaek Port | 30,800,933 | 0.096 | 0.659 |
Ulsan Port | 24,779,162 | 0.078 | 0.737 |
Yeosu Port | 19,875,344 | 0.062 | 0.799 |
Daesan Port | 14,399,038 | 0.045 | 0.844 |
Classification of Region |
Before the Consumption of Local Food | After the Consumption of Local Food | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domestic (non-local) |
Imported | Total | Domestic (non-local) |
Imported | Local Food | Total | |
Region A | 45,525 | 2,217 | 47,742 | 43,321 | 2,058 | 2,363 | 47,742 |
Region B | 121,043 | 5,895 | 126,938 | 120,839 | 5,880 | 219 | 126,938 |
Region C | 47,380 | 2,307 | 49,687 | 46,398 | 2,251 | 1,038 | 49,687 |
Region D | 59,215 | 2,882 | 62,097 | 57,760 | 2,814 | 1,531 | 62,097 |
Region E | 115,910 | 5,643 | 121,554 | 114,900 | 5,608 | 1,046 | 121,554 |
Total | 389,073 | 18,944 | 408,018 | 383,218 | 18,611 | 6,197 | 408,018 |
Classification of Region |
Before the Consumption of Local Food (t·km) | After the Consumption of Local Food (t·km) | Difference (B-A) |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domestic (non-local) |
Imported | Total (A) |
Domestic (non-local) |
Imported | Local Food | Total (B) |
||
Region A | 22,745,100 | 14,088,523 | 36,833,623 | 21,697,636 | 13,214,731 | 0 | 34,912,367 | ▼1,921,256 |
Region B | 38,905,366 | 36,613,676 | 75,519,042 | 38,844,608 | 36,547,103 | 0 | 75,391,711 | ▼127,331 |
Region C | 23,756,112 | 14,639,774 | 38,395,886 | 23,152,667 | 14,272,441 | 0 | 37,425,108 | ▼970,778 |
Region D | 21,372,528 | 17,907,899 | 39,280,427 | 20,911,181 | 17,493,464 | 0 | 38,404,645 | ▼875,782 |
Region E | 48,503,336 | 35,324,143 | 83,827,479 | 48,093,077 | 35,163,326 | 0 | 83,256,403 | ▼571,076 |
Total | 155,282,442 | 118,574,015 | 273,856,457 | 152,699,169 | 116,691,065 | 0 | 269,390,234 | ▼4,466,223 |
Classification of Region |
) | Difference (B-A) |
Benefits (Value of Carbon) (USD 1,000) |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domestic (non -local) |
Imported | Total (A) |
Domestic (non -local) |
Imported | Local Food | Total (B) |
|||
Region A | 5,664 | 2,007,155 | 2,012,819 | 5,403 | 1,941,309 | 0 | 1,946,712 | ▼66,107 | 1,494 |
Region B | 10,164 | 3,363,600 | 3,373,764 | 10,149 | 3,358,201 | 0 | 3,368,350 | ▼5,414 | 122 |
Region C | 5,915 | 2,132,458 | 2,138,374 | 5,765 | 2,091,515 | 0 | 2,097,280 | ▼41,094 | 929 |
Region D | 5,322 | 1,881,385 | 1,886,707 | 5,207 | 1,864,646 | 0 | 1,869,853 | ▼16,854 | 381 |
Region E | 12,077 | 4,373,680 | 4,385,758 | 11,975 | 4,355,611 | 0 | 4,367,586 | ▼18,172 | 411 |
Total | 39,142 | 13,758,279 | 13,797,421 | 38,499 | 13,611,282 | 0 | 13,649,781 | ▼147,640 | 3,337 |
Classification | Region A | Region B | Region C | Region D | Region E |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate of Change in Carbon Emissions(%) |
7.9 | 0.3 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 1.3 |
Characteristics | Correlation Coefficients with Rate of Change in Carbon Emissions |
---|---|
Total Agricultural Area | 0.898 ** |
Area of Small Farmer | 0.979 *** |
Total Number of Farmers | 0.948 ** |
Number of Elderly Farmers | 0.994 *** |
Number of Young Farmers | 0.220 |
Number of Female Farmers | 0.923 ** |
Number of Full-time Farmers | 0.982 *** |
Number of Part Time Farmers | 0.321 |
Total Population | -0.843 * |
Number of Wholesale and Retail Businesses | -0.616 |
1 | Concentration Ratio (CR) refers to the proportaion of transaction value held by a few large companies within the total transaction value of a specific industry. Generally, ‘CR3’ indicates an oligopoloy when the combined marekt share of the top three companies is 75% or more. In this study, the major origin and the major wholesale market are determined based on origins and wholesale markets that reach 80% of the Concentration Ratio, considering them as the major production areas and hubs. |
2 | This study analyzed 16 agricultural products excluding rice. In South Korea, rice is produced in every region. This means that there is no major origin for rice. Rice is collectively processed at Rice Processing Complex (RPC) located in each region and consumed locally, which is similar to the concept of local food. |
3 | South Korea is divided into 82 country-level regions. Of these, we analyzed five regions for which we had data available. |
4 | To accurately easure the food miles, data about the entire distribution process from the origin of agricultural products to the final place of consumption is required. However, the currently available data is limited to Korea Agro-Fisheries & Food Trade Corporation 「Summary of Distribution Status」 based on a sample survey of 3 to 5 major origins. Therefore, it cannot be used as data to track the movement of all agricultural products’ quantities nationwide [9]. |
5 | Generally, the reference point for determining the place of production or sale is measured based on a location that combines administrative functions (e.g. county or city hall, township or village office, etc.) and commercial activities [7,10]. |
6 | In the case of agricultural products, ‘food miles’ commonly uses the distance from the place of production to the point of sale, due to the limitations in obtaining data volmue of products’ movement at each stage of distribution process [11–14]. |
7 | If it is possible to indentify the exact place of production (origin) within the export country, the transportation distance within the export country can be calculated from the origin to the export port. However, if it is not possible to identify the origin, the distance can be calculated from the capital city to the port. In the case of import country, the distance is calculated from the domestic port which is the nearest from the capital city and then to the capital city [10,15,16]. |
8 | In this study, all monetary values in KRW were converted into USD using the average exchange rate of 1,300 KRW/USD. |
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