Klar, R.M.; Cox, J.; Raja, N.; Lohfeld, S. The 3D-McMap Guidelines: Three-Dimensional Multicomposite Microsphere Adaptive Printing. Biomimetics2024, 9, 94.
Klar, R.M.; Cox, J.; Raja, N.; Lohfeld, S. The 3D-McMap Guidelines: Three-Dimensional Multicomposite Microsphere Adaptive Printing. Biomimetics 2024, 9, 94.
Klar, R.M.; Cox, J.; Raja, N.; Lohfeld, S. The 3D-McMap Guidelines: Three-Dimensional Multicomposite Microsphere Adaptive Printing. Biomimetics2024, 9, 94.
Klar, R.M.; Cox, J.; Raja, N.; Lohfeld, S. The 3D-McMap Guidelines: Three-Dimensional Multicomposite Microsphere Adaptive Printing. Biomimetics 2024, 9, 94.
Abstract
Microspheres, synthesized from diverse natural or synthetic polymers, are readily utilized in biomedical tissue engineering to improve the healing of various tissues. Their ability to encapsulate growth factors, therapeutics, and natural biomolecules, which can aid tissue regeneration, makes microspheres invaluable for future clinical therapies. While microsphere-supplemented scaffolds have been investigated, a pure microsphere-based scaffold with an optimized architecture has been challenging to create via 3D printing methods due to issues that prevent consistent deposition of microsphere-based materials and their ability to maintain the shape of the 3D-printed structure. Utilizing the extrusion printing process, we established a methodology which not only allows to create large microsphere-based scaffolds but also multicomposite matrices into which cells, growth factors, and therapeutics encapsulated in microspheres can be directly deposited during the printing process. Our 3D-McMap method addresses issues with scaffold shape fidelity during and after printing. Carefully timed breaks, minuscule drying steps, and adjustments to extrusion parameters, generated an evenly layered large microsphere-based scaffold that retains its internal architecture. Such scaffolds are superior to other microsphere-containing scaffolds, as they can release biomolecules in a highly controlled spatiotemporal manner. This capability permits to study cell responses to the delivered signals, to develop scaffolds that precisely modulate new tissue formation.
Keywords
3D bioprinting; microspheres; multicomposite scaffold; PLGA; PLA; Bioplotter
Subject
Engineering, Bioengineering
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
