Négadi, T. Fibonacci-like Sequences Reveal the Genetic Code Symmetries, Also When the Amino Acids Are in a Physiological Environment. Symmetry2024, 16, 293.
Négadi, T. Fibonacci-like Sequences Reveal the Genetic Code Symmetries, Also When the Amino Acids Are in a Physiological Environment. Symmetry 2024, 16, 293.
Négadi, T. Fibonacci-like Sequences Reveal the Genetic Code Symmetries, Also When the Amino Acids Are in a Physiological Environment. Symmetry2024, 16, 293.
Négadi, T. Fibonacci-like Sequences Reveal the Genetic Code Symmetries, Also When the Amino Acids Are in a Physiological Environment. Symmetry 2024, 16, 293.
Abstract
In this study, we once again use a set of Fibonacci-like sequences to examine the symmetries within the genetic code. This time, our focus is on the physiological state of the amino acids, considering them as charged, in contrast to our previous work where they were seen as neutral. In a pH environment around 7.4, there are four charged amino acids. We utilize the properties of our sequences to accurately describe the symmetries in the genetic code table. These include Rumer’s symmetry, the third-base symmetry and the "ideal" symmetry, along with the "supersymmetry" classification schemes. We also explore the special chemical structure of the amino acid proline, presenting two perspectives—shCherbak’s view and the Downes-Richardson view, which perspectives are included in the description of the above-mentioned symmetries. Our investigation employs also elementary modular arithmetic to precisely describe the chemical structure of proline, connecting the two views seamlessly. Finally, our Fibonacci-like sequences prove instrumental in quickly establishing the multiplet structure of non-standard versions of the genetic code. We illustrate this with an example, showcasing the efficiency of our method in unraveling the complex relationships within the genetic code.
Keywords
genetic code; amino acids; Fibonacci-like sequences; hydrogen patterns; atom patterns
Subject
Biology and Life Sciences, Life Sciences
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
